EURE ISSN: 0250-7161
[email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile
Parnreiter, Christof Ciudad de México: el camino hacia una ciudad global EURE, vol. XXVIII, núm. 85, diciembre, 2002 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608506
How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org
Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR
HOFDPLQRKDFLDXQDFLXGDGJOREDO
Christof Parnreiter Abstract
7KLVDUWLFOHDQDO\]HV&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRLQLWVZD\WRDJOREDOFLW\,WLVH[SORUHGWKDWGXH WRJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGDVSDUWRILWVSURFHVV0H[LFDQFDSLWDOFLW\LWLVFKDQJLQJIURPD QDWLRQDOPHWURSROLVWRDKLQJHEHWZHHQ0H[LFDQHFRQRP\DQGJOREDOHFRQRP\ $FFRUGLQJO\LWLVDQLPSRUWDQWSODFHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQDQGPDQDJPHQWRIJOREDOL]DWLRQLQ 0Ú[LFR7KLVKDVFRQVHTXHQFHVRYHUWKHHFRQRPLFVRFLDODQGVSDWLDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKH 0HWURSROLWDQ=RQHRI&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR=0&0 ,WLVDOVRVKRZQWKDWWKH=0&0LVZHOO LQWHJUDWHGWRWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDOJOREDOFLWLHVQHW .H\ZRUGVJOREDOL]DWLRQJOREDOFLW\HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR 5HVXPHQ (QHVWHDUWÞFXORVHDQDOL]D&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHQVXFDPLQRKDFLDXQDFLXGDGJOREDO6H H[SORUDTXHGHELGRDODJOREDOL]DFLäQ\FRPRSDUWHGHVXVSURFHVRVODFDSLWDO PH[LFDQDVHHVWÒWUDQVIRUPDQGRGHXQDPHWUäSROLVQDFLRQDOKDFLDXQDELVDJUDHQWUHOD HFRQRPÞDPH[LFDQD\ODHFRQRPÞDJOREDO&RPRWDOHVXQOXJDULPSRUWDQWHSDUDOD SURGXFFLäQ\JHVWLäQGHODJOREDOL]DFLäQGH0Ú[LFR(OORWLHQHLPSOLFDFLRQHVSDUDOD HVWUXFWXUDHFRQäPLFDVRFLDO\HVSDFLDOGHOD=RQD0HWURSROLWDQDGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR
=0&0 7DPELÚQVHPXHVWUDTXHOD=0&0HVWÒELHQLQWHJUDGDHQODUHGWUDQVQDFLRQDOGH ODVFLXGDGHVJOREDOHV 3DODEUDVFODYHJOREDOL]DFLäQFLXGDGJOREDOGHVDUUROORHFRQäPLFR&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR ,QWURGXFFLäQDOJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVFRQFHSWXDOHV (QHVWHDUWÞFXORVHDQDOL]D&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHQVXFDPLQRKDFLDXQDFLXGDGJOREDO6H H[SORUDTXHGHELGRDODJOREDOL]DFLäQ\FRPRSDUWHGHVXVSURFHVRVODFDSLWDO PH[LFDQDVHHVWÒWUDQVIRUPDQGRGHXQDPHWUäSROLVQDFLRQDOKDFLDXQDELVDJUDHQWUHOD HFRQRPÞDPH[LFDQD\ODHFRQRPÞDJOREDO&RPRWDOHVXQOXJDULPSRUWDQWHSDUDOD
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
SURGXFFLäQ\JHVWLäQGHODJOREDOL]DFLäQGH0Ú[LFR 3DUDHVWHSURSäVLWRHVRSRUWXQRHPSH]DUFRQDOJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVFRQFHSWXDOHV3ULPHUR
HOWÚUPLQRFLXGDGJOREDOVHUHILHUHDXQDQXHYDIRUPDGHFHQWUDOLGDGXUEDQDFDXVDGDSRU ORVSURFHVRVGHODJOREDOL]DFLäQ&LXGDGHVJOREDOHVVRQORVQXGRVGHODHFRQRPÞDJOREDO GRQGHVHLQWHJUDQHFRQRPÞDVUHJLRQDOHVQDFLRQDOHVHLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV$VÞXQDFLXGDG JOREDOQRVHGHILQHQLSRUIURQWHUDVDGPLQLVWUDWLYDVQLSRUHOWDPDâRGHVXSREODFLäQVLQR SRUVXVIXQFLRQHVHQODHFRQRPÞDPXQGLDO/DVFLXGDGHVJOREDOHVVRQFHQWURVDWUDYÚVGH ORVFXDOHVORVIOXMRVGHFDSLWDOLQIRUPDFLäQPHUFDQFÞDV\PLJUDQWHVFLUFXODQ\GHVGH GRQGHVHFRQWURODQ\JHVWLRQDQHVWRVIOXMRV&HQWUDOL]DQGRIXQFLRQHVGHJHVWLäQ\GH
FRQWUROHQODHFRQRPÞDPXQGLDOODVFLXGDGHVJOREDOHVVRQOXJDUHVGHGRQGHVHSUHVWDQORV VHUYLFLRVDYDQ]DGRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODHFRQRPÞDJOREDO'HWDO PRGRVRQOXJDUHVGHSURGXFFLäQGHFRPHUFLR\GHFRQVXPRSDUDVHUYLFLRVILQDQFLHURV
OHJDOHVGHFRQWDELOLGDGGHVHJXURVRLQPRELOLDULDV)LQDOPHQWHODVFLXGDGHVJOREDOHVVRQ FRQHFWDGDVHQWUHHOODVDWUDYÚVGHORVPHQFLRQDGRVIOXMRVGHFDSLWDOLQIRUPDFLäQ PHUFDQFÞDV\PLJUDQWHVFUHDQGRDVÞXQDUHGJOREDOGHFLXGDGHV)ULHGPDQQ 6DVVHQ\.QR[ 7D\ORU
6HJXQGRH[LVWHQUD]RQHVWDQWRWHäULFDVFRPRHPSÞULFDVSDUDH[WHQGHUORVHVWXGLRVVREUH FLXGDGHVJOREDOHVTXHKDVWDKDFHSRFRVHFRQFHQWUDURQHQODVPHWUäSROLVGH(VWDGRV
8QLGRV(XURSD\-DSäQSDUDSDVDUDODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHVHQ$PÚULFD/DWLQD²IULFD\ $VLD3RUXQODGRHOWÚUPLQRPHJDFLXGDGTXHHQORVHVWXGLRVXUEDQRVVHXWLOL]D
IUHFXHQWHPHQWHSDUDODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHVHQHO6XUSUHVHQWDGHILFLHQFLDVFRQFHSWXDOHV (VXQDH[SUHVLäQTXHHQIRFDGHPDQHUDH[DJHUDGDHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHPRJUÒILFR\ HVSDFLDOGHODVFLXGDGHV0LHQWUDVODH[SUHVLäQFLXGDGJOREDOVXJLHUHFDUDFWHUÞVWLFDV FXDOLWDWLYDVHOWÚUPLQRPHJDFLXGDGHVHVWULFWDPHQWHFXDQWLWDWLYRSURSRQLHQGRTXHODV DJORPHUDFLRQHVXUEDQDVHQHO7HUFHU0XQGRVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSULQFLSDOPHQWHRLQFOXVR VRODPHQWH SRUVXQëPHURGHKDELWDQWHV$GHPÒVODFRQFHSFLäQGHXQDPHJDFLXGDG\
HOWHPDUHODFLRQDGRGHODSULPDFÞDXUEDQDVHGHVDUUROODQHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDQDFLRQDOOR TXHHVVXPDPHQWHSUREOHPÒWLFR0LHQWUDVHVWXGLRVKLVWäULFRVUHYHODQTXHODXUEDQL]DFLäQ HQ$PÚULFD/DWLQDVLHPSUHKDVLGRLQIOXLGDSRUGHVDUUROORVJOREDOHVFRPRHOFRORQLDOLVPR HOFDSLWDOLVPRPHUFDQWLORODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLäQSRUVXVWLWXFLäQGHLPSRUWDFLRQHVGHVSXÚVGH
ODFULVLVGHODHFRQRPÞDJOREDODILQDOHVGHORVDâRVಪ HOORVHKL]RDëQPÒVHYLGHQWHFRQ ORVUHFLHQWHVSURFHVRVGHODJOREDOL]DFLäQ6LODUHRUJDQL]DFLäQGHODHFRQRPÞDJOREDO
YHUGDGHUDPHQWHUHVXOWDVHUXQDUHGHQVXH[SUHVLäQHVSDFLDOHQODTXHFLXGDGHVJOREDOHV
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
VXUJHQFRPRSXQWRVFHQWUDOHV\VL$PÚULFD/DWLQDHVWÒLQWHJUDGDDOPHUFDGRPXQGLDOHV
GHVXSRQHUTXHODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVIRUPHQSDUWHGHOVLVWHPDXUEDQR JOREDO7RGRHOOROOHYDDODFRQFOXVLäQTXHHOFRQFHSWRGHPHJDFLXGDG\VXV
FRQQRWDFLRQHVLPSLGHQFDSWDUODVQXHYDVGLQÒPLFDVGHODXUEDQL]DFLäQHQ$PÚULFD/DWLQD 3RURWURODGRH[LVWHQWDPELÚQUD]RQHVHPSÞULFDVSDUDLQFOXLUDODVPHWUäSROLVHQ$PÚULFD /DWLQDHQORVHVWXGLRVVREUHFLXGDGHVJOREDOHV9DULRVHVWXGLRVGHO*OREDOL]DWLRQDQG
:RUOG&LWLHV6WXG\*URXSDQG1HWZRUN*D:& TXHLQFRUSRUDQGHWDOODGDV\H[FHOHQWHV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHPSÞULFDVPXHVWUDQTXH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHVSHUIHFWDPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGD
HQHOHVSDFLRGHIOXMRVJOREDO(O*D:&GHQRPLQDD&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRFRPRXQDFLXGDG
JOREDOEHWDTXHVHFRORFDHQODMHUDUTXÞDFRPRODFLXGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQDFRQODPÒVDOWD
FODVLILFDFLäQFHUFDGH%UXVHODV0DGULG6ÔR3DXOR=XULFK-RKDQQHVEXUJ0LOÒQHLQFOXVR /RV²QJHOHV (QORTXHVLJXHVHH[DPLQDQSULPHURORVFDPELRVHFRQäPLFRVDWUDYÚVGHORVFXDOHV
&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRSDVäHQODVëOWLPDVGRVGÚFDGDV6HJXQGRVHUHODFLRQDQHVWRVFDPELRV
FRQODWUDQVIRUPDFLäQKDFLDXQDFLXGDGJOREDO\FRQODVIXQFLRQHVTXHDVXPHOD&LXGDGGH 0Ú[LFRSDUDODJOREDOL]DFLäQGHODHFRQRPÞDPH[LFDQD7HUFHURVHLGHQWLILFDQODV FRQH[LRQHVTXHYLQFXODQDOD&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRFRQRWUDVFLXGDGHVWDQWRHQHOÒPELWR QDFLRQDOFRPRJOREDO)LQDOPHQWHVHLGHQWLILFDODFLXGDGGHQWURGHODFLXGDGRVHDORV HVSDFLRVFHQWUDOHVHQOD&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR &DPELRVHFRQäPLFRVHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR\ODUHGXFFLäQGHVXSULPDFÞDHFRQäPLFD
$OWHUPLQDUODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLäQSRUVXVWLWXFLäQGHLPSRUWDFLRQHV,6, OD=RQD0HWURSROLWDQD GH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR=0&0 IXHHOHSLFHQWURGHODHFRQRPÞDQDFLRQDO(QHO3,%
PHWURSROLWDQRIXHGRPLQDGRSRUORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHV\VRFLDOHVGHO3,%WRWDO \
HQVHJXQGROXJDUSRUODLQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUD (QFXDQWRDOPHUFDGRODERUDOOD LQGXVWULDIXHHOVHFWRUPÒVLPSRUWDQWHGHOHPSOHRWRWDO VHJXLGDSRUHOFRPHUFLR (QORVVLJXLHQWHVDâRVODVLWXDFLäQFDPELDGUÒVWLFDPHQWH'HVWDFDVREUHWRGRHO GHFOLYHGHODLQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUDWDQWRHQFXDQWRDODSURGXFFLäQFRPRUHVSHFWRDO HPSOHR(QWUH\ODSDUWLFLSDFLäQGHODLQGXVWULDHQHO3,%GH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR EDMäXQFD\HQGRDPHQRVGHOGHODSURGXFFLäQPHWURSROLWDQD&RQXQD
UHGXFFLäQGHOHOGHFOLYHGHODLQGXVWULDIXHDXQPÒVDFHQWXDGRHQFXDQWRDOPHUFDGR ODERUDO(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODLQGXVWULDTXHHPSOHäPÒVGHODPLWDGGHODSREODFLäQ
RFXSDGDHQHOVHFWRUIRUPDOHQHOHPSOHäPHQRVGHXQWHUFLRHQHO2WURVHFWRU
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
FX\RFRQWULEXFLäQDO3,%PHWURSROLWDQRVHUHGXMRQRWDEOHPHQWHHVHOFRPHUFLR 3RURWURODGRORVVHFWRUHVTXHUHODWLYDPHQWHJDQDURQSHVRVRQODGLYLVLäQWUDQVSRUWH
DOPDFHQDMH\FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHVVRFLDOHV\SHUVRQDOHV
(OVHFWRUTXHVREUHVDOHHVVLQHPEDUJRHOGHORVVHUYLFLRVILQDQFLHURVVHJXURV DFWLYLGDGHVLQPRELOLDULDV\GHDOTXLOHUTXHDPSOLäVXFRQWULEXFLäQDO3,%GH&LXGDGGH
0Ú[LFRSDVDQGRGHOD(ODXPHQWRGHORVVHUYLFLRVVHUHIOHMDWDPELÚQHQHOPHUFDGR ODERUDO&RQXQDSDUWLFLSDFLäQGHOGHOHPSOHRPHWURSROLWDQR ORVVHUYLFLRV SDVDURQDVHUHOVHFWRUPÒVLPSRUWDQWH VXSHUDQGRWDQWRDODLQGXVWULDFRPRDO FRPHUFLRFXDGURV\
/RVFDPELRVHQODHFRQRPÞD\HOPHUFDGRODERUDOGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRFRQWULEX\HURQD XQDWUDQVIRUPDFLäQGHODJHRJUDIÞDHFRQäPLFDHQ0Ú[LFR\HQSDUWLFXODUGHOVLVWHPD XUEDQR(QHOUDVJRSULQFLSDOGHOVLVWHPDXUEDQRIXHODDOWDFRQFHQWUDFLäQGHOD
SREODFLäQGHODVPLJUDFLRQHV\GHODHFRQRPÞDHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXH
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
HQHOGHO3,%QDFLRQDOVHRULJLQDEDHQOD=0&0PLHQWUDVTXHHQODLQGXVWULD
PDQXIDFWXUHUD\ORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHV\VRFLDOHVODSDUWLFLSDFLäQPHWURSROLWDQDOOHJäFDV DODPLWDGGHODSURGXFFLäQQDFLRQDOFXDGUR
(QWUH\VLQHPEDUJRODSULPDFÞDXUEDQDHFRQäPLFDGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRVH UHGXMRQRWDEOHPHQWH6XFRQWULEXFLäQDO3,%QDFLRQDOFD\äXQUHVXOWDQGRHQXQD SDUWLFLSDFLäQHQHO3,%QDFLRQDOGHO(VWDUHGXFFLäQVHGHEHSULQFLSDOPHQWHDXQD FDÞGDGUÒVWLFDGHODSDUWLFLSDFLäQGHOVHFWRUPDQXIDFWXUHURPHWURSROLWDQRTXHSDVäGHO HQDOHQ/RVGHPÒVVHFWRUHVWDPELÚQUHGXMHURQVXFRQWULEXFLäQDO 3,%QDFLRQDODXQTXHGHXQDPDQHUDPHQRVPDUFDGD/DëQLFDH[FHSFLäQTXHGHVWDFD VRQORVVHUYLFLRVILQDQFLHURVVHJXURVDFWLYLGDGHVLQPRELOLDULDV\GHDOTXLOHUTXH
LQFUHPHQWDURQVXSDUWLFLSDFLäQHQHO3,%QDFLRQDOXQ3RUHQGHPLHQWUDVHQHO
ODLQGXVWULDIXHHOVHFWRUPÒVFRQFHQWUDGRHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHQORVVHFWRUHVPÒV
FHQWUDOL]DGRVIXHURQORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHVVRFLDOHV\SHUVRQDOHV\HQVHJXQGROXJDU ORVVHUYLFLRVILQDQFLHURVVHJXURVDFWLYLGDGHVLQPRELOLDULDV\GHDOTXLOHUFXDGUR (QFXDQWRDOHPSOHRODVWHQGHQFLDVVRQVLPLODUHV/DSDUWLFLSDFLäQGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR HQHOHPSOHRQDFLRQDOXUEDQREDMäHQODVëOWLPDVGRVGÚFDGDVGHODOORTXH HTXLYDOHDXQDUHGXFFLäQGHO(QODLQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUDODVSÚUGLGDVIXHURQODV PÒVJUDYHV(QHVWHVHFWRUODSDUWLFLSDFLäQGHOD=0&0FD\äDPHQRVGHODPLWDGGHO
QLYHOGHPLHQWUDVHOFRPHUFLR\ORVVHUYLFLRVSHUGLHURQ\GHVXSDUWLFLSDFLäQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFXDGUR
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
'HELGRDHVWRVFDPELRVHOFDUÒFWHUHFRQäPLFRGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRVHWUDQVIRUPä(Q FXDQWRDO3,%HOFRHILFLHQWHGHODHVSHFLDOL]DFLäQORFDOSDUDPXHVWUDTXHOD=0&0 IXHFDUDFWHUL]DGDSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUSURSRUFLRQDUVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHVVRFLDOHV\ SHUVRQDOHV\HQVHJXQGROXJDUSRUODLQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUD1RREVWDQWHHQ &LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRGHMäGHVHUXQDFLXGDGHVSHFLDOL]DGDHQODLQGXVWULD+R\HQGÞDHVXQD FLXGDGDOWDPHQWHFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUORVVHUYLFLRV0LHQWUDVORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQDOHV
VRFLDOHV\SHUVRQDOHVFRQVROLGDURQVXSRVLFLäQGRPLQDQWHWDQWRODGLYLVLäQGHWUDQVSRUWH DOPDFHQDMH\FRPXQLFDFLRQHVFRPRORVVHUYLFLRVILQDQFLHURVVHJXURVDFWLYLGDGHV LQPRELOLDULDV\GHDOTXLOHUVXSHUDQDODLQGXVWULD(OFRHILFLHQWHGHODHVSHFLDOL]DFLäQORFDO SDUDHOHPSOHRIRUPDO FRQILUPDHVWHUHVXOWDGRPLHQWUDVHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRIXH XQDFLXGDGLQGXVWULDOORGHMäGHVHU\DHQ/D=0&0VHKDEÞDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQD FLXGDGHVSHFLDOL]DGDHQORVVHUYLFLRVJUÒILFRV\
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
/DVSÚUGLGDVUHODWLYDVGHOD=0&0IXHURQSULQFLSDOPHQWHDIDYRUGHHVWDGRVIURQWHUL]RV\ HQVHJXQGROXJDUDIDYRUGHHQWLGDGHVHQHOVXGHVWH\HQHOFHQWURGHOSDÞVFXDGUR (QFXDQWRDO3,%ORVHVWDGRVTXHPÒVLQFUHPHQWDURQVXFRQWULEXFLäQDODSURGXFFLäQ QDFLRQDOVRQ&KLKXDKXD%DMD&DOLIRUQLD\1XHYR/HäQHQHOQRUWHVHJXLGRVSRU4XLQWDQD 5RRVXGHVWH 4XHUÚWDURFHQWUR &DPSHFKHVXGHVWH \$JXDVFDOLHQWHVFHQWUR &RQ UHVSHFWRDOPHUFDGRODERUDOODVLWXDFLäQHVVLPLODU\DTXHJDQDQVREUHWRGRHQWLGDGHV IHGHUDWLYDVHQHOQRUWH\HQHOFHQWURGHOSDÞV6LQHPEDUJRHQWUHORVHVWDGRVTXHPÒV LQFUHPHQWDURQVXHPSOHRILJXUDQDOJXQRVFX\RFUHFLPLHQWRGHO3,%IXHVäORPRGHUDGR 3XHEOD2D[DFD7OD[FDOD RKDVWDQHJDWLYR-DOLVFR
7DQWRHOGHVFHQVRGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRFRPRODFUHDFLäQGHQXHYRVSRORVGHFUHFLPLHQWR
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
VHGHEHQSULQFLSDOPHQWHDXQDGLVSHUVLäQGHODLQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUDKDFLDHOQRUWHGHO SDÞV\WDPELÚQKDFLDODUHJLäQFHQWUR/RVHVWDGRVIURQWHUL]RVLQFUHPHQWDURQVX SDUWLFLSDFLäQHQHO3,%LQGXVWULDOQDFLRQDOGHODO ORTXH FRUUHVSRQGHDXQDXPHQWRGHFDVL(QHOFHQWURGHOSDÞVORVHVWDGRVGH4XHUÚWDUR\ $JXDVFDOLHQWHVSDVDURQSRUXQDH[SDQVLäQLQGXVWULDOUÒSLGDLQFUHPHQWDQGR VXVWDQFLDOPHQWHVXSDUWLFLSDFLäQHQHO3,%LQGXVWULDOQDFLRQDO'HHVWDPDQHUDVXUJLHURQ
QXHYDVFLXGDGHVLQGXVWULDOHVHQODIUDQMDIURQWHUL]DFRQ((887RUUHäQ0H[LFDOL7LMXDQD R&G-XÒUH] 3RURWURODGRFLXGDGHVHQXQRVNLOäPHWURVDODUHGRQGDGHOD=0&0
FRPR*XDGDODMDUD3XHEOD$JXDVFDOLHQWHV4XHUÚWDURR7ROXFD TXH\DWHQÞDQXQDEDVH LQGXVWULDOODDPSOLDURQUÒSLGDPHQWHHQORVಪ\ಪ$GHPÒVGHODGLVSHUVLäQGHOD LQGXVWULDPDQXIDFWXUHUDHOERRPSHWUROHURTXHGXUäKDVWDODPLWDGGHORVDâRVಪ\HO DXJHGHOWXULVPRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFDXVDURQHOFUHFLPLHQWRHFRQäPLFRGH&DPSHFKH\ 4XLQWDQD5RRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH,1(*,6&16REULQR (QFXDQWRDOPHUFDGR ODERUDOWDPELÚQIXHSULQFLSDOPHQWHODLQGXVWULDODTXHHPSXMäODGHVFHQWUDOL]DFLäQ6RQ SRUXQODGRORVHVWDGRVQRUWHâRVSDUWLFXODUPHQWH%DMD&DOLIRUQLD\&KLKXDKXD \SRUHO RWURHVWDGRVHQHOFHQWURGHOSDÞVGHVWDFDQGR3XHEOD-DOLVFR\*XDQDMXDWR ORVTXH
IXHUWHPHQWHLQFUHPHQWDURQVXHPSOHRLQGXVWULDO,1(*,&HQVRV(FRQäPLFRV\ /RVFDPELRVHQODJHRJUDIÞDHFRQäPLFDGH0Ú[LFR\HQHOSDSHOTXHMXHJD&LXGDGGH 0Ú[LFRPHUHFHQH[SOLFDFLäQ(QJHQHUDOHOHVSDFLRQRHVQLXQKHFKRGDGRSRUVÞPLVPR QLXQFRQWDLQHUTXHVHSXHGHOOHQDUDUELWUDULDPHQWHFRQSURFHVRVHFRQäPLFRVSROÞWLFRV VRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV3RUHOFRQWUDULRHOHVSDFLRHVXQSURGXFWRGHSURFHVRVKLVWäULFRV IRUPDGRHQUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV/HIHEYUH 'HHVWHPRGRHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRRVHD
ODFLXGDGWDPELÚQHVXQSURGXFWRVRFLDO&DGDFLXGDGHVXQIHQäPHQRFX\DVGLPHQVLRQHV HVSDFLDOHVKLVWäULFDV\VRFLDOHVVHUHODFLRQDQFRQHOHVSDFLRHOWLHPSR\ODVRFLHGDGHQ TXHVHRULJLQDURQ+DUYH\6RMD 'DGRTXHODSURGXFFLäQGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR FRQFUHWRFRUUHVSRQGHDSURFHVRVHFRQäPLFRVSROÞWLFRVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVHVSHFÞILFRV KD\TXHVXSRQHUTXHORVFDPELRVSURIXQGRVHQHOÒPELWRJOREDOTXHREVHUYDPRVHQODV ëOWLPDVGRVGÚFDGDV\TXHIUHFXHQWHPHQWHVHOODPDQJ JOREDOL]DFLäQLPSDFWDURQHQHO GHVDUUROORXUEDQR'HKHFKRQXPHURVRVHVWXGLRVVRVWLHQHQTXHODJOREDOL]DFLäQDOWHUD SURIXQGDPHQWHODVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDODSURGXFFLäQ\HOXVRGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR 3XHVWRGHRWUDPDQHUDHVGHVXSRQHUTXHORVFDPELRVHQODHVWUXFWXUDHFRQäPLFDGH
&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR\HQHOVLVWHPDXUEDQRPH[LFDQRTXHVHGHVFULELHURQVHUHODFLRQDQFRQ
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
ODWUDQVIRUPDFLäQVRFLRHFRQäPLFDSRUODFXDO0Ú[LFRSDVäGHVSXÚVGHODFULVLVGH
HQGHXGDPLHQWR (QORTXHVLJXHVHDQDOL]DQHQWRQFHVFDPELRVFODYHVHQHOSDWUäQ GHODXUEDQL]DFLäQDODOX]GHHVWDWUDQVIRUPDFLäQ(PSH]DPRVFRQODFULVLVSURIXQGDSRU
ODFXDOOD=0&0SDVäHQORVDâRVಪUHODFLRQÒQGRODFRQHOFRODSVRGHODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLäQ SRUVXVWLWXFLäQGHLPSRUWDFLRQHV$FRQWLQXDFLäQVHH[DPLQDODFUHDFLäQGHQXHYDV
FLXGDGHVLQGXVWULDOHV\VXFDXVDVTXHWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQODUHRULHQWDFLäQGHODSURGXFFLäQ PH[LFDQDKDFLDPHUFDGRVH[WHUQRV6LQHPEDUJRGDGRTXHHOSURSäVLWRGHHVWHWH[WRHV KHFHUIRFRHQHOSDSHO\ODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHOWHPDGHOD GLVSHUVLäQLQGXVWULDOKDFLDRWUDVFLXGDGHVVHWUDWDVäORVRPHUDPHQWH)LQDOPHQWHVH DQDOL]DHODVFHQVRGHOVHFWRUGHORVVHUYLFLRVDYDQ]DGRVHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR6H DUJXPHQWDTXHHOORUHSUHVHQWDXQDFRQFHQWUDFLäQGHDFWLYLGDGHVFODYHVSDUDOD
JOREDOL]DFLäQGHODHFRQRPÞDPH[LFDQD3RUHQGHVHSXHGHFRQFOXLUTXHOD=0&0DVXPH IXQFLRQHVGHXQDFLXGDGJOREDO /D&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRHQODFULVLVGHHQGHXGDPLHQWR $QDOL]DQGRORVGDWRVSUHVHQWDGRVHQORV&XDGURV\FRQDWHQFLäQKLVWäULFDVHREVHUYD
TXHIXHURQVREUHWRGRORVSULPHURVDâRVGHODGÚFDGDGHORVಪHQTXH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFR VXIULäORVSUREOHPDVHFRQäPLFRVPÒVIXHUWHV$ILQDOHVGHORVಪOD=0&0\DHPSLH]DD UHFXSHUDUVXSRVLFLäQHQODHFRQRPÞDQDFLRQDO(QFXDQWRDHQWLGDGHVIHGHUDWLYDVHO 'LVWULWR)HGHUDOHVHOPD\RUSHUGHGRUGHWRGDVODVHQWLGDGHVHQWUH\SHURHO SULPHUJDQDGRUGHVGHHQWRQFHV,1(*,6&1
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
(OORVXJLHUHTXH&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRIXHODFLXGDGPÒVGDâDGDSRUODFULVLVGH HQGHXGDPLHQWRHQ3DUDFRPSUHQGHUHVWRHVSUHFLVRHQWHQGHUTXHODFULVLVGH HQGHXGDPLHQWRIXHPÒVTXHXQDLQVROYHQFLD0DUFäHOFRODSVRGHODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLäQSRU VXVWLWXFLäQGHLPSRUWDFLRQHV,6, \ORVFRPLHQ]RVGHXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLäQVRFLRHFRQäPLFD SURIXQGD6HSODQWHDHQWRQFHVODSUHJXQWD°3RUTXÚHOGHUUXPEHGHOD,6,WXYRPÒV
Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161
HIHFWRQHJDWLYRHQ&LXGDGGH0Ú[LFRTXHHQRWUDVFLXGDGHV" (OFRODSVRGHOD,6,IXHPÒVTXHQDGDHOFRODSVRGHVXSODQWDLQGXVWULDO