Livro: Renewable Energy Resources – Second Edition Preface List of symbols Principles of renewable energy Introduction Energy and sustainable development Fundamentals Scientific principles of renewable energy Technical implications Social implications Problems Bibliography Essentials of fluid dynamics Introduction Conservation of energy: Bernoulli’s equation Conservation of momentum Viscosity Turbulence Friction in pipe flow Lift and drag forces: fluid and turbine machinery Problems Bibliography Heat transfer Introduction Heat circuit analysis and terminology Conduction Convection Radiative heat transfer Properties of “transparent” materials Heat transfer by mass and circuit analysis Problems Bibliography Solar radiation Introduction Extraterrestrial solar radiation Components of radiation Geometry of the Earth and Sun Geometry of collector and the solar beam Effects of the Earth’s atmosphere Measurements of solar radiation Problems Bibliography Solar water heating Introduction Calculation of heat balance: general remarks Uncovered solar water heaters – progressive analysis Improved solar water heaters Systems with separate storage Selective surfaces Evacuated collectors Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Buildings and other solar thermal applications Introduction Air heaters Energy-efficient buildings Crop driers Space sooling

Water desalination Solar ponds Solar concentrators Solar thermal eletric power systems Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Photovoltaic generation Introduction The silicon p-n junction Photon absorption at the junction Solar radiation absorption Maximising cell efficiency Solar cell construction Types ans adaptations of photovoltaics Photovoltaic circuit properties Applications and systems Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Hydro-power Introduction Principles Assessing the resource for small installations An impulse turbine Reaction turbines Hydroeletric systems The hydraulic ram pump Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Power from the wind Introduction Turbine types ans terms Linear momentum and basic theory Dynamic matching Blade element theory Characteristics of the wind Power extraction by a turbine Electricity generation Mechanical Power Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography The photosynthetic process Introduction Trophic level photosynthesis Photosynthesis at the plant level Thermodynamic considerations Photophysics Molecular level photosynthesis Applied photosynthesis Problems Bibliography Biomass and biofuels Introduction Biofuel classification Biomass production for energy farming Direct combustion for heat Pyrolysis (destructive distillation) Further thermochemical processes Alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic digestion for biogas

Wastes and residues Vegetable oils and biodiesel Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Wave power Introduction Wave motion Wave energy and power Wave patterns Devices Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Tidal power Introduction The cause of tides Enhancement of tides Tidal current/stream power Tidal range power World range Power sites Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) Introduction Principles Heat exchangers Pumping requirements Other practical considerations Environmental impact Problems Bibliography Geothermal energy Introduction Geophysics Dry rock and hot aquifer analysis Harnessing Geothermal Resources Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Energy systems, storage and transmition The importance of energy storage and distribuition Biological storage Chemical storage Heat Storage Eletrical storage: batteries and accumulators Fuel cells Mechanical storage Distribution of energy Eletric Power Social and environmental aspects Problems Bibliography Institutional and economic factors Introduction Socio-political factors Economics Some policy tools Quantifying choice The way ahead Problems

Bibliography Appendix A – Units and conversions Appendix B – Data Appendix C – Some heat transfer formulas Solution guide to problems Index