0 1 0 2 O FOG

International Mee ting on Island Volcano Risk Management

Reuniâo Internacional sobre Gestâo de Risco Vulcânico em Ilhas

acional n r e t n I n Reunió Riesgo l e d n ó i t sobre Ges Islas en Volcánico

MEETING PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS

MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop

Reunião Internacional sobre Gestão de Risco Vulcânico em Ilhas International Meeting on Island Volcano Risk Management Reunión Internacional sobre Gestión del Riesgo Volcánico en Islas

PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS Praia, Ilha de Santiago Chã das Caldeiras, Ilha do Fogo Cabo Verde 4/12/2010 - 9/12/2010

ORGANIZADO PELA · ORGANIZED BY · ORGANIZADO POR Laboratório de Engenharia Civil (LEC), Cabo Verde Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV) Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC), Cabo Verde Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España ACOLHIDO E SUPORTADO POR · HOSTED AND SUPPORTED BY · ACOGIDO Y APOYADO POR EU Transnational Cooperation Program MAC 2007-2013 Ministerio das Infraestruturas, Transportes e Telecomunicações, Cabo Verde Ministerio da Administração Interna, Cabo Verde Ministerio do Ensino Superior, Ciência e Cultura, Cabo Verde Ministerio do Ambiente, do Desenvolvimento Rural e dos Recursos Marinhos, Cabo Verde Câmara Municipal da Praia, Ilha do Santiago, Cabo Verde Câmara Municipal dos Mosteiros, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde Câmara Municipal de Santa Catarina do Fogo, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde Câmara Municipal de São Filipe, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde Câmara Municipal da Brava, Ilha do Brava, Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV), Cabo Verde Instituto Nacional Meteorologia e Geofísica (INMG), Cabo Verde Delegação da Comissão Europeia em Cabo Verde AECID - Oficina Técnica de Cooperación Española en Cabo Verde TACV - Transportes Aéreos de Cabo Verde Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), España Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España Fundación Canaria ITER, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España Cartografía de Canarias, S. A. (GRAFCAN), Islas Canarias, España Sociedad Volcanológica de España (SVE), Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España Asociación Volcanológica de Canarias (AVCAN), Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores (OVGA), Portugal

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

COMISSÕES · COMMITEES · COMITÉS

Comıssão de Honra · Committee of Honor · Comité de Honor Presidente ·President · Presidente: Comandante Pedro de Verona Rodrigues Pires Presidente da Republica de Cabo Verde

Membros · Members · Miembros: Eng.º Manuel Inocêncio Sousa

Ministro de Estado das Infrastructuras, Transportes e Telecomunicações

Dr. Lívio Fernandes Lopes

Ministro da Administração Interna

Dra. Fernanda Maria de Brito Marques

Ministra do Ensino Superior, Ciências e Cultura

Eng.º José Maria Veiga

Ministro do Ambiente, Agricultura e Recursos Marinhos

Dr. Josep Coll

Chefe de Delegação da União Europeia na República de Cabo Verde

Dr. Manuel José Villavieja Vega

Embaixador de Espanha na República de Cabo Verde

Dra. Graça Andresen Guimarães

Embaixadora de Portugal na República de Cabo Verde

Dr. Ulisses Correia e Silva

Presidente da Câmara Municipal da Praia

Dr. Eugénio Miranda Veiga

Presidente da Câmara Municipal de São Filipe

Dr. Fernandinho Teixeira

Presidente da Câmara Municipal dos Mosteiros

Dr. Aqueleu J. B. Amado

Presidente da Câmara Municipal de Santa Catarina do Fogo

Dr. Camilo Gonçalves

Presidente da Câmara Municipal da Brava

Dr. Antonio Correia e Silva

Reitor da Universidade de Cabo Verde

Eng.º António Augusto Gonçalves

Presidente do Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde

Tenente-coronel Alberto Carlos Barbosa Fernandes Presidente do Serviço Nacional da Protecção Civil

Dr. Joao Cardoso

Presidente do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade de Cabo Verde

Dra. Ester Araújo de Brito

Presidente do Instituto Nacional da Meteorologia e Geofísica de Cabo Verde

Dr. Jaime Puyoles

Coordenador Geral da Cooperação Espanhola (AECID) em Cabo Verde

Eng.º Ricardo Melchior Navarro

Presidente do Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Tenerife, España

COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA · ORGANIZING COMMITTEE · COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORA Antonio Gonçálvez (LEC, Cape Verde); Co-Chairperson · Co-Presidente Alberto Fernandes (Civil Protection, Cape Verde); Co-Chairperson · Co-Presidente João Cardoso (DCT- UNICV, Cape Verde); Co-Chairperson · Co-Presidente Zuleyka Bandomo (LEC, Cape Verde); Secretariat · Secretariado Inocêncio Miguel José de Barros (LEC, Cape Verde) Alberto da Mota Gomes (LEC, Cape Verde) Jair Rodrigues (SNPC, Cape Verde) Sonia Victoria (UNICV, Cape Verde)

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Victor-Hugo Forjaz (Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, Portugal) Zilda França (Universidade dos Açores, Portugal) Nemesio Pérez (ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain); Co-Chairperson · Co-Presidente Pedro A. Hernández (ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) Gladys Melián Rodrígrez (ITER, Tenerife, Spain); Secretariat · Secretariado Jesús Ibañez (Instituto Geofísico Andaluz, Universidad de Granada, Spain) Elena González Cárdenas (SVE, Spain) Fernando Raja (AVCAN, Spain)

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

ABRANGÊNCIA E OBJECTIVOS · SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES · ALCANCE Y OBJETIVOS O Workshop MAKAVOL Fogo 2010 é uma das três Reuniões Internacionais de Vulcões co-organizada pelo Instituto Tecnológico e de Energias Renováveis, ITER (Tenerife, Ilhas Canárias, Espanha), o Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde (LEC), a Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV) e o Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) de Cabo Verde e sustentado pelo projecto “Intensificação das capacidades de R&D para contribuir para a redução do risco vulcânico na Macaronésia (MAC/3/C161)” co-financiado pelo Programa de Cooperação Transnacional Madeira-Canárias-Açores da EU (MAC 2007-2013), com a colaboração do Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, Fundação Canária ITER, Sociedade Vulcanológica Espanhola e a Associação Vulcanológica das Ilhas Canárias (AVCAN). O Workshop MAKAVOL Fogo 2010 está planeado como um forum internacional para especialistas trabalhando em ilhas com vulcanismo activo, para discutirem sobre a redução do risco vulcânico inerente a estes ambientes especiais. As discussões científicas e técnicas serão principalmente relacionadas com a gestão do risco vulcânico em Cabo Verde, e outras ilhas com vulcanismo activo, bem como com o implemento de uma troca de know-how para a compreensão e progressão de iniciativas multi-disciplinares para reduzir o risco vulcânico. O Workshop MAKAVOL Fogo 2010 será também uma grande oportunidade para mostrar o impacto dos projectos, do passado e actuais, co-financiados pela Cooperação Científica e Técnica entre Portugal e Cabo Verde (VIGIL), a Spanish AIDAgency (AECID), a Comissão dos Negócios Estrangeiros do Governo das Ilhas Canárias, o Programa de Cooperação Internacional do Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, e o 7º Quadro do Programa da União Europeia, FP7 (MiaVita) para reduzir o risco vulcânico em Cabo Verde, bem como aqueles co-financiados por iniciativa da União Europeia - Programa INTERREG III B Açores-Madeira-ilhas Canárias para reduzir o risco vulcânico nos Açores e ilhas Canárias (ALERTA, VULMAC, ALERTA II y VULMAC II).

MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop is one of three international volcano meetings co-organized by the Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, ITER (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain), the Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde (LEC), the Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV), and the Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) from Cape Verde under the framework of the project “Strengthening the capacities of R&D to contribute reducing volcanic risk in the Macaronesia (MAC/3/C161)” co-financed by EU Transnational Cooperation Program Madeira-Canarias-Azores (MAC 2007-2013) with the collaboration of the the Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, Fundación Canaria ITER, Spanish Volcanological Society (SVE) and the Canary Islands Association of Volcanology (AVCAN). MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop is planned as an international forum for specialists working on active volcanic islands to discuss about reducing volcanic risk on these special settings. Scientific and technical discussions will be mainly related to volcanic risk managment in Cape Verde and other active volcanic islands as well as to enhance know-how exchange to understand and improve the multidisciplinary initiatives for reducing volcanic risk. MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop will be also a great opportunity to show the impact of the past and current projects cofinanced by the Collaborative Scientific and Technical Cooperation between Portugal and Cape Verde (VIGIL), the Spanish AIDAgency (AECID), the Commissioner for External Affairs of the Government of the Canary Islands, the International Cooperation Programme of the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, and the EU Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 (MiaVita) for reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde, as well as those co-financed by the EU Initiative Programme INTERREG III B Azores-Madeira-Canary Islands for reducing volcanic risk in Azores and Canary Islands (ALERTA, VULMAC, ALERTA II y VULMAC II).

MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop es una de las tres reuniones internacionales de volcanología co-organizadas por el Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, ITER (Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España), el Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde (LEC), la Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV), y el Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) de Cabo Verde en el marco del proyecto “ (MAC/3/C161)” co-financiado por el programa de cooperación transnacional de la Unión Europea Madeira-Canarias-Azores (MAC 2007-2013) con la colaboración del Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, la Fundación Canaria ITER, la Sociedad Volcanológica de España (SVE) y la Asociación Volcanológica de Canarias (AVCAN). MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop tiene previsto ser un foro internacional para especialistas que trabajan en islas volcánicamente activas para debatir sobre la reducción del riesgo volcánico en estos ambientes insulares. Los debates científicos y técnicos se centrarán fundamentalmente en relación a la gestión del riesgo volcánico en Cabo Verde y otras islas volcanicamente activas asi como incentivarán el intercambio del know-how con la finalidad de comprender y mejorar las iniciativas multidisciplinares para la reducción del riesgo volcánico. MAKAVOL 2010 Fogo Workshop será también una gran oportunidad para mostrar el impacto de los proyectos pasados y presentes co-financiados por la Cooperación Científica y Técnica entre Portugal y Cabo Verde (VIGIL), la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), el Comisionado de Acción Exterior del Gobierno de Canarias, el Área de Cooperación Internacional del Cabildo Insular de Tenerife y el 7º Programa Marco de la UE (MIAVITA) para la reducción del riesgo volcánico en Cabo Verde así como aquellos co-financiados por la iniciativa comunitaria INTERREG III B Azores-Madeira-Canarias para la reducción del riesgo volcánico en Azores y Canarias (ALERTA, VULMAC, ALERTA II y VULMAC II).

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MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

EVENTOS SOCIAIS · SOCIAL EVENTS · EVENTOS SOCIALES

Sexta feira - 03/12/2010 15:00 h. Planeta Vivo Rádio (http://www.planetavivoradio.es/) de Cabo Verde; um programa educativo da Rádio Nacional de Espanha (RNE) nas Canárias e o ITER que se emite semanalmente desde Outubro de 2008 com a finalidade de comemorar o Ano Internacional do Planeta Terra, cujo objectivo principal é sensibilizar o público para a relação entre a Humanidade e o Planeta Terra.



Planeta Vivo Radio (http://www.planetavivoradio.es/) from Cape Verde; a weekly educational radio program of the Spanish National Public Radio (RNE) in the Canary Islands and ITER in the air since October 2008 to commemorate the International Year of Planet Earth, whose main objective is to raise public awareness of the relationship between Humanity and Planet Earth. Planeta Vivo Radio (http://www.planetavivoradio.es/) desde Cabo Verde; un programa educativo de Radio Nacional Española (RNE) en Canarias y el ITER que se emite semanalmente desde octubre de 2008 con el propósito de conmemorar el Año Internacional del Planeta Tierra y cuyo objetivo principal es concienciar a la sociedad de la relación existente entre Humanidad y Planeta Tierra.

21:00 h. A noite das estrelas na Chã das Caldeiras. Uma iniciativa da TeideAstro (http://www. teideastro.com/) para os participantes do workshop.

The night of the stars from Chã das Caldeiras. An initiative of TeideAstro (http:// www.teideastro.com/) for participants of the workshop.



La noche de las estrellas desde Chã das Caldeiras. Una iniciativa de TeideAstro (http://www.teideastro.com/) para los participantes del workshop.

Quarta feira - 08/12/2010 20:00 h. Projecção do documentário “Capelinhos, Açores - ou vulcão que veio do Mar” para a comunidade de Chã das Caldeiras.

Documentary “Capelinhos, Açores - or vulcão that veio do mar” for the people of Chã das Caldeiras.



Proyección del documental “Capelinhos, Açores - o vulcão que veio do mar” para la comunidad de Chã das Caldeiras.

21:00 h. Apreciando a música de Cabo Verde na Chã das Caldeiras.

Enjoying the music of Cape Verde at Chã das Caldeiras.



Disfrutando de la música de Cabo Verde en Chã das Caldeiras.

Sábado – 04/12/2010 21:00 h. Jantar de Boas-vindas; todos os participantes e acompanhantes do Workshop Makavol 2010 Fogo são convidados a desfrutar, na Quintal da Musica, dos paladares e da música ao vivo cabo-verdianos

Welcome Dinner; all Makavol 2010 Fogo Workshop participants and accompained persons are invited to enjoy Cape Verde food and live music at Quintal da Musica.



Cena de Bienvenida; todos los participantes de Makavol 2010 Fogo Workshop y personas acompañantes están invitadas a difrutar de la comida y música Caboverdiana en el Quintal da Musica.

Terça feira - 07/12/2010 20:00 h. Projecção do documentário sobre a erupção do vulcão do Fogo, em 1995, para a comunidade de Chã das Caldeiras.



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Documentary about the eruption of the volcano of Fogo in 1995 for the people of Chã das Caldeiras. Proyección del documental sobre la erupción del volcán de Fogo en 1995 para la comunidad de Chã das Caldeiras.

Quinta feira - 09/12/2010 20:00 h. Projecção do documentário da IAVCEI & UNESCO “Compreender os perigos vulcânicos” para a comunidade de Chã das Caldeiras..

IAVCEI & UNESCO documentary “Understanding volcanic hazards” for the people of Chã das Caldeiras.



Proyección del documental de la IAVCEI & UNESCO “Comprendido los peligros volcánicos” para la comunidad de Chã das Caldeiras.

Sexta feira - 10/12/2010 20:00 h. Projecção do documentário da IAVCEI & UNESCO “Reduzindo o risco vulcânico” para a comunidade de Chã das Caldeiras.

IAVCEI & UNESCO documentary “Reducing volcanic risk” for the people of Chã das Caldeiras.



Proyección del documental de la IAVCEI & UNESCO “Reduciendo el Riesgo Volcánico” para la comunidad de Chã das Caldeiras.

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

PROGRAMA · PROGRAMME · PROGRAMA

Sábado - 04/12/2010 - Praia, Santiago 08:00 – 08:45 h.

Inscrição na SNPC · Registration at SNPC · Inscripción en SNPC

08:45 – 09:30 h.

Cerimónia de Abertura · Open Ceremony · Ceremonia de Inauguración

09:30 – 10:00 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: Assessing volcanic hazards: quantitative models of tephra fall BONADONA, Constanza (Switzerland)

10:00 – 10:30 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: Volcano early warning signals: the silent and non-visible degassing from volcanoes HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. & PÉREZ, Nemesio M. (Canary Islands, Spain)

10:30 – 11:00 h. Pausa para café · Coffee Break 11:00 – 11:15 h.

MAKAVOL: a EU contribution for reducing volcanic risk in the Macaronesia PÉREZ, Nemesio M., HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A., IBÁÑEZ, Jesús, GONÇALVES, António, CARDOSO, João and BARBOSA, Alberto

11:15 –11:30 h.

On the importance of a well-balanced civil protection system FONSECA, João and D’OREYE, Nicolas

11:30 – 12:00 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Volcanic hazard in the Azores archipelago FRANÇA, Zilda and FORJAZ, Victor H. (Açores, Portugal)

12:00 – 12:30 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Volcanic Emergency in the Azores: a multidisciplinary approach CARVALHO, Pedro (Açores, Portugal)

12:30 – 13:00 h.

Introduction of the SWOT Analysis

13:00 – 14:00 h. Almoço · Lunch · Almuerzo 14:00 – 16:00 h. SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in Azores 16:00 – 16:30 h.

Pausa para café · Coffee Break

16:30 – 18:00 h.

SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in Azores

Domingo - 05/12/2010 -Praia, Santiago: 09:00 – 09:30 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: The 2000 eruption of Miyake Island volcano, Japan: Total evacuation and volcanic gas disaster SASAI, Yoichi (Japan)

09:30 – 10:00 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: Stromboli, Etna and Vesuvius: examples of volcanic risks managed by the Italian Civil Protection Department CARDACI, Chiara (Italy)

10:00 – 10:15 h.

Canary Islands: a volcanic window in the Atlantic RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima; CALVO, David; MARRERO, Rayco; PÉREZ, Nemesio; PADRÓN, Eleazar; PADILLA, Germán; MELIÁN, Gladys; BARRANCOS, José; NOLASCO, Dácil and HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro.

10:15 – 10:30 h.

TELEPLANETA: a Spanish National Public Television (TVE) and ITER join adventure for reducing volcanic risk CALVO, David; PÉREZ, Nemesio; DIONIS, Samara; GONZÁLEZ, José Carlos; MARRERO, Nieves and CALLAU, Juan Luis.

10:30 – 11:00 h.

Pausa para café · Coffee Break

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MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

11:00 – 11:15 h.

PROGRAM

Laguna Caliente, Poás Volcano, Costa Rica:The most active crater lake of the world (2006-2010) MORA-AMADOR, Raúl, RAMÍREZ, Carlos J., GONZÁLEZ, Gino, ROUWET, Dmitri, and ROJAS, Andrey

11:15 – 11:30 h. The geochemistry of the fumarole gases from Pico do Fogo volcano, Cape Verde MELIÁN, Gladys; FERNANDES, Paulo; PADILLA, Germán; CALVO, David; PADRÓN, Eleazar; DIONIS, Samara; BARRANCOS, José; NOLASCO, Dácil; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.; GONÇALVES, António; CARDOSO, João; BARBOSA, Alberto and PÉREZ, Nemesio M. 11:30 – 11:45 h.

Ilha de Fogo Sustentável CORREIA, Gilson and PONCE DE LEÃO, Maria Teresa

11:45 – 12:00 h.

Geotourism in Fogo Island (Cape Verde) ALFAMA, Vera and BRILHA, José

12:00 – 12:15 h. Volcanoes & stars: an emotional experience for tourism at Teide National Park, Tenerife, Canary Islands LEDESMA, Juan Vicente 12:15 – 13:00 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Reducing volcanic risk in the Canary Islands PÉREZ, Nemesio M.; IBAÑEZ, Jesús and HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. (Canary Islands, Spain)

13:00 – 14:00 h.

Almoço · Lunch · Almuerzo

14:00 – 16:00 h.

SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in the Canaries

16:00 – 16:30 h.

Pausa para café · Coffee Break

16:30 – 18:00 h.

SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in the Canaries

Segunda feira - 06/12/2010 - Praia, Santiago: 09:00 – 09:30 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: Educating and communicating volcanic hazard, risk and vulnerability within the tourism sector in southern Iceland BIRD, Deanne (Australia)

09:30 – 10:00 h.

KEYNOTE LECTURE: Explosive volcanism, volcanic hazards, and perceptions of hazard in the Cape Verde Islands DAY, Simon (U. K.)

10:00 – 10:15 h.

Geological Hazards in Brava Island and their Implications on Emergency Planning ALFAMA, Vera, QUEIROZ, Gabriela and FERREIRA, Teresa

10:15 – 10:30 h.

Transition from mixed magma Strombolian to phreatomagmatic explosive activity at the Cova de Paúl Crater, Santo Antao, The Cape Verde Islands: application of geological evidence to the mitigation of hazards from future violent phreatomagmatic eruptions TARFF, R. W., DOWNES, H., SEGHEDI, I. and DAY, S. J.

10:30 – 11:00 h.

Pausa para café · Coffee Break

11:00 – 11:15 h

Volcanic Hazards vs. Land Use Planning in Chã das Caldeiras (Fogo Island – Cape Verde) ALFAMA, Vera, VICTÓRIA, Sónia and RODRIGUES, Jair

11:15 – 11:30 h. Thermal monitoring of Pico do Fogo volcano, Cape Verde CALVO, David, FERNANDES, Paulo, ANDRADE, Mário, FONSECA, José, MELIÁN, Gladys, RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima, BARROS, Inocêncio, NOLASCO, Dácil, PADILLA, Germán, PADRÓN, Eleazar, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A., BANDOMO, Zuleyka, VICTÓRIA, Sónia, RODRIGUES, Jair, GONÇALVES, António, CARDOSO, João, BARBOSA, Alberto and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

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MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

11:30 – 11:45 h. Monitorização Geoquímica do Vulcão do Fogo BANDOMO, Zuleyka; FERNANDES, Paulo; ANDRADE, Mário; FONSECA, José; MELIÁN, Gladys; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima; NOLASCO, Dácil; PADILLA, Germán; PADRÓN, Eleazar; CALVO, David; BARROS, Inocêncio; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.; VICTÓRIA, Sónia; RODRIGUES, Jair; GONÇALVES, António; CARDOSO, João; BARBOSA, Alberto; PÉREZ, Nemésio M. 11:45 – 12:00 h. Origin of the diffuse CO2 emission from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde PADRÓN, Eleazar; MELIÁN, Gladys; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.; FERNANDES, Paulo, BARROS, Inocêncio, DIONIS, Samara, BANDOMO, Zuleyka, VICTÓRIA, Sónia, RODRIGUES, Jair, GONÇALVES, António, CARDOSO, João, BARBOSA, Alberto and PÉREZ, Nemesio M. 12:00 – 12:30 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Redução do Risco Vulcânico em Cabo Verde: passado, presente e futuro GONÇALVES, Antonio (Cape Verde)

12:30 – 13:00 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Resposta à emergencia vulcanica em Cabo Verde FERNANDES, Alberto (Cape Verde)

13:00 – 14:00 h.

Almoço · Lunch · Almuerzo

14:00 – 16:00 h.

SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde

16:00 – 16:30 h.

Pausa para café · Coffee Break

16:30 – 18:00 h.

SWOT analysis on reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde

Terça feira - 07/12/2010 - Fogo: 10:45 – 11:15 h.

Makavol 2010 Fogo Workshop participants travel to Fogo Island TACV Flight VR4051

12:00 – 12:30 h.

SPECIAL LECTURE: Fogo’s Natural Park: Present and Future RODRIGUES, Alexandre

13:00 – 14:00 h. Almoço · Lunch · Almuerzo 14:00 – 18:00 h.

Field trip around Fogo Island and traveling to Chã das Caldeiras

Quarta feira - 8/12/2010 - Chã das Caldeiras, Fogo: 06:00 – 16:00 h.

Field trip A to the summit of Pico do Fogo volcano

08:00 – 13:00 h.

Field trip B in and around Chã das Caldeiras

14:00 – 15:00 h.

Almoço · Lunch · Almuerzo

18:00 – 18:20 h.

SWOT analysis results on reducing volcanic Risk in Azores

18:20 – 18:40 h.

SWOT analysis results on reducing volcanic Risk in in Canary Islands

18:40 – 19:00 h.

SWOT analysis results on reducing volcanic Risk in Cape Verde

Quinta feira - 09/12/2010 – Fogo & Santiago 07:00 – 08:30 h.

Makavol 2010 Fogo Workshop participants travel from Chã das Caldeiras to São Filipe

09:50 – 10:20 h.

Makavol 2010 Fogo Workshop participants return to Praia TACV Flight VR4501

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MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

APRESENTAÇÕES ORAIS · ORAL PRESENTATIONS · PRESENTACIONES ORALES As apresentações normais durarão 15 minutos (aproximadamente 13 minutos para a apresentação e 2 minutos para respostas às questões da audiência). Palestras especiais estão principalmente relacionadas com o estado da arte sobre a redução do risco vulcânico em Cabo Verde, Açores e Canárias objectivando fornecer informações à audiência que irá ajudar enormemente nas respectivas análises SWOT. Conferências terão a duração de 30 minutos (cerca de 27-28 minutos para a apresentação e 3-2 minutos para respostas às perguntas da plateia). Por favor, dirija-se ao compartimento onde deve verificar e gravar a sua apresentação no computador principal do workshop na tarde anterior ao dia da sua apresentação. Excepcionalmente, os oradores do dia 04 de Dezembro deverão gravar a sua apresentação no computador principal do workshop entre as 8:00 e 8:45 horas do dia 4 de Dezembro de 2010. A equipa do Workshop irá ajudá-lo neste processo. A apresentação deve ser preparada apenas numa versão MS PowerPoint 2003 ou anterior. Não será permitido o seu computador pessoal na sua apresentação oral e, portanto, por favor, não esqueça de a gravar no computador principal do workshop. Por favor, traga o seu ficheiro em qualquer pen de memória USB, CD ou DVD.

Regular oral presentations will last 15 minutes (about 13 minutes for the presentation and 2 minutes for questions from the audience). Special lectures are mainly related to the state of the art about reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde, Azores and Canary Islands to provide information to the audience which will help tremendously to perform the related SWOT analysis. Keynote lectures will last 30 minutes (about 27-28 minutes for the presentation and 3-2 minutes for questions from the audience). Please go to the Ready Room to chekc and upload your presentation file into the workshop main computer in the afternoon previous your presentation except the speakers of the 4th of December whose presentation files must be into the workshop main computer between 08:00 – 08:45 hours of the 4th of December, 2010. Workshop staff will help you in this process. Presentation files should be prepared in only MS PowerPoint version 2003 or earlier. The use of your own personal computer will not be permitted for your oral presentation; therefore, please do not forget to upload your presentation into the workshop main computer. Please bring your presentation file in either USB, memory stick/card, CD or DVD.

Las presentaciones orales regulares durarán 15 minutos (unos 13 minutos para la presentación y 2 minutos para preguntas del público). Las conferencias especiales están relacionadas principalmente con el estado del arte sobre la reducción del riesgo volcánico en Cabo Verde, Azores y Canarias con la finalidad de proporcionar información a la audiencia para posteriormente realizar los análisis DAFO relacionados. Conferencias magistrales tendrán una duración de 30 minutos (aproximadamente 27-28 minutos para la presentación y 3-2 minutos para preguntas del público). Por favor, vaya a la sala establecida para comprobar y subir su archivo de presentación en el ordenador principal del workshop en la tarde anterior a su presentación, excepto los conferenciantes del 4 de diciembre, cuyas presentaciones deben estar en el ordenador del workshop entre las 8:00-8:45 horas del 4 de diciembre de 2010. Personal del workshop le ayudará en este proceso. Los archivos de las presentaciones deben estar preparados sólo en MS PowerPoint versión 2003 o anterior. El uso de su propio ordenador personal no se permitirá para su presentación oral, por lo tanto, por favor no se olvide de subir su presentación en el ordenador del workshop. Por favor traigan su archivo de presentación en cualquier dispositivo de memoria USB, tarjeta, CD o DVD.

APRESENTAÇÕES DE PÔSTERES · POSTER PRESENTATIONS · PRESENTACIONES POSTER Os posters deverão ter 841 mm (largura) e 1189 mm (altura). Os posters devem ser colocados nas placas correspondentes existentes no local da conferência entre as 8:00h e 09:00 h, no dia 4 de Dezembro de 2010, e retirados entre as 18:00 h e 18:30 h, no dia 6 de Dezembro de 2010.

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Poster presentation size should be 841 mm (wide) and 1189 mm (height). Poster must be placed on the corresponding board at the conference venue between 08:00 to 09:00 hours on December 4, 2010 and removed between 18:00 to 18:30 hours on December 6, 2010.

El tamaño de los posters debe ser 841 mm (ancho) y 1.189 mm (altura). Los posters deben ser colocados en los paneles correspondientes existentes en la sede de la conferencia entre las 08:00 a las 09:00 horas del 4 de diciembre de 2010 y retirados entre las 18:00 a 18:30 horas del 6 de diciembre de 2010.

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

PROGRAM

APRESENTAÇÕES DE PÔSTERES · POSTER PRESENTATIONS · PRESENTACIONES POSTER POSTER #01:

Helium isotope signatures in terrestrial fluids from Cape Verde PÉREZ, Nemesio M., HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. and SUMINO, Hirochika,

POSTER #02:

Geochemical signatures of the diffuse CO2 emission from Brava volcanic system, Cape Verde RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima; BANDOMO, Zuleyka; BARROS, Inocêncio; FONSECA, José; FERNANDES, Paullo; RODRIGUES, Jair; MELIÁN, Gladys; PADRÓN, Eleazar; DIONIS, Samara; VICTÓRIA, Sónia; GONÇALVES, António; BARBOSA, Alberto; CARDOSO, João; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

POSTER #03:

Diffuse CO2 emission from Sao Vicente volcanic system, Cape Verde PADILLA, Germán; PADRÓN, Eleazar; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima; BANDOMO, Zuleyka; VICTÓRIA, Sónia; MELIÁN, Gladys; DIONIS, Samara; BARRANCOS, José; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.; GONÇALVES, António; CARDOSO, João; BARBOSA, Alberto and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

POSTER #04:

Helium and radon gas degassing from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo DIONIS, Samara, MELIÁN, Gladys, NOLASCO, Dácil, PADRÓN, Eleazar, FERNANDES, Paulo, GONÇALVES, António, NASCIMENTO, Judite, BARBOSA, Alberto, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A., and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

POSTER #05:

TDL measurements of CO2 and H2S in the ambient air of the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde VOGEL, Andreas; FISCHER, Christian; POHL, Tobias; WEBER, Konradin; MELIÁN, Gladys; PÉREZ, Nemesio, BARROS, Inocêncio, DIONIS, Samara and BARRANCOS, José.

POSTER #06:

Understanding the relation between pre-eruptive bubble size distribution and observed ash particle sizes: Prospects for prediction of volcanic ash hazards PROUSSEVITCH, Alex, SAHAGIAN, Dork and MULUKUTLA, Gopal

POSTER #07:

Geomorphosites, Volcanism and Geotourism: the Example of Cinder Cones of Canary Islands (Spain) DÓNIZ-PÁEZ, J., GUILLÉN-MARTÍN, C. and KERESZTURI, G..

POSTER #08:

Proposal of a Volcanic Geomorphosites Itineraries on Las Cañadas del Teide National Park (Tenerife, Spain) GUILLÉN-MARTÍN, C., DÓNIZ-PÁEZ, J., BECERRA-RAMÍREZ, R. and KERESZTURI, G.

POSTER #09:

Chinyero, 100 Years of Silence: A Scientific-Historical Film Document for Education and Outreach on Volcanism in the Canary Islands NEGRÍN, Sergio

POSTER #10:

Auditing the Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain TRUJILLO, Alejandro, REÑASCO, José, PADRÓN, Nestor, SACRAMENTO, Segundo, SERRA LLOPART, Jorge, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

POSTER #11:

Actualidad Volcánica de Canarias (http://www.avcan.org/): Volcanoes, to everyone TAPIA, Víctor and RAJA, Fernando

POSTER #12:

IBEROAMERICAN Volcanological Network: A New Challenge for Reducing Volcanic Risk in the Iberoamerican Community BRETON, Mauricio, CASELLI, Alberto, COELLO BRAVO, Juan Jesús, FORJAZ, Victor, GONÇALVES António A., GONZALEZ, Elena, IBAÑEZ, Jesús, MIRANDA, Ramón, MUÑOZ, Angélica, ORDÓÑEZ, Salvador, PÉREZ, Nemesio M., and ROMERO, Carmen

POSTER #13:

Cape Verde Volcano Observatory (OVCV): A New Challenge for Reducing Volcanic Risk at Cape Verde GONÇALVES, António A., CARDOSO, João, and FERNANDES, Alberto

POSTER #14:

World Organization of Volcano Cities (WOVOCI) MELCHIOR, Ricardo and PÉREZ, Nemesio

POSTER #15:

SpanishAID Agency (AECID) contribution for reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde. PUYOLES, Jaime and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.

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ABSTRACTS

ABSTRACTS Volcano early warning signals: the silent and non-visible degassing from volcanoes HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. and PÉREZ, Nemesio M. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain [email protected]

Degassing at volcanoes is a continuous process since volcanic gas is constantly emitted from all types of magmas. The gases released by volcanoes are a mixture of components derived from at least two different sources: a) magmatic source, exsolving and releasing volatiles from silicic melts into the country rock and b) vapour separating from external fluids. These volcanic-hydrothermal discharges occur at volcanic systems through both diffuse degassing (non-visible) along active structures or focused vents (visible) forming plumes, fumarolic fields, mofetes, mud volcanoes, bubbling pools etc. Volcanic gases undergo a tremendous increase in volume when magma rises to the Earth’s surface and erupts. Such enormous expansion of volcanic gases, primarily water, is the main driving force of explosive eruptions. Therefore, monitoring volcanic gases at active volcanoes can be used with other monitoring information to provide early eruption warnings signals and to improve our understanding of how volcanoes work. Since CO2 is usually the most abundant gas in volcanic fluids and gases after water, it has a low solubility in silicate melts (Stolper and Holloway, 1988) and is therefore released in large volumes from magma, it has became on a useful geochemical tracer to monitor volcanic activity. Recent studies have shown that the amount of CO2 discharged as non-visible emanations can be significant compared to the CO2 released from plumes and fumaroles. During the last two decades, many studies have been carried out to investigate the relation between diffuse CO2 emission and volcanic activity. Two main approaches are suggested to evaluate this relationship: (a) searching for geochemical parameters related to diffuse CO2 emission studies from different volcanoes (volcanoes with different eruptions recurrence time, etc.) and (b) monitoring diffuse CO2 emission in an active volcano through different stages of its eruptive cycle (inter- eruptive, pre-eruptive, eruptive, post-eruptive and back to the inter-eruptive stage). With the first approach, an important question arises. What geochemical parameters of the diffuse CO2 degassing at volcanoes should we select: estimated total diffuse CO2 degassing, normalized total diffuse CO2 degassing or plume/diffuse CO2 emission ratios?. For the second approach a conceptual model for volcanic degassing (Notsu et al., 2006) has been be considered after several studies. Both approaches reveal that discrete (soil CO2 surveys) and/or continuous on-site CO2 efflux monitoring are important geochemical tools for any volcanic surveillance program since it will help to determining whether significant magma degassing is occurring and detect early warning signals of volcanic unrest. Recent studies carried out to monitor volcanic activity have revealed that diffuse degassing of CO2 can signal the upward movement of magma to the surface (Usu volcano in Japan, Hernández et al., 2001; Stromboli, Italy, Carapezza et al., 2004). Considering that large amounts of magmatic CO2 can be released from deep magma reservoirs via the volcanic edifice, diffuse CO2 degassing surveys can be expected to provide important information on the current conditions of deep magma beneath volcanoes. Hernández et al., 2001. Carbon dioxide degassing by advective flow from Usu volcano, Japan, Science 292, 83–86.

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Notsu et al., 2006. Monitoring quiescent volcanoes by diffuse CO2 degassing: case study of Mt. Fuji, Japan. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 163, 825-835. Carapezza et al., 2004. Geochemical precursors of the activity of an open-conduit volcano: The Stromboli 2002-2003 eruptive events. Geophys. Res. Let., 31 (7), doi:10.1029/2004GL019614. Stolper, E., and Holloway, J.R., 1988. Experimental determination of the solubility of carbon dioxide in molten basalt at low pressure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 397–408.

Explosive volcanism, volcanic hazards, and perceptions of hazard in the Cape Verde Islands. DAY, Simon Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom [email protected]

The Cape Verde Islands are a group of 10 intraplate oceanic islands of which 3 show significant levels of recent volcanic activity: Fogo, Santo Antao and Brava. Of these, Fogo is the only historically active volcano with intense activity up to 1725 AD (including a major phreato-magmatic explosive eruption in 1680 AD) followed by less frequent, mainly effusive eruptions in the last 280 years. Eruptions in these 280 years have mainly occurred in clusters lasting 10 to 20 years, separated by 50 to 100 year periods of inactivity. Although lava flows from the two 20th Century eruptions were largely confined to the area of Chã das Caldeiras, the late 18th and 19th Century eruptions mostly affected the eastern flank of the island: actual risk from lava flows in this area may be as high as in Chã das Caldeiras. This is reflected in the draft hazard map for the island, but the perceived risk amongst the population of this area may not recognize this. Similarly, the potential increase in risk associated with a possible future return to more intense volcanic activity as occurred in the early historic period needs to be recognized by the people of Fogo. Another key problem in risk perception in Cape Verde is that although the post – 1725 eruptions have killed very few people, effusive eruptions of Fogo are widely perceived to be the main volcanic hazard in the archipelago because of the destruction of agricultural land by lava flows. However, geological evidence indicates that explosive volcanism on Santo Antao and Brava may be a much more serious hazard. Santo Antao consists of one inactive volcano (Ribeira das Patas) and two active volcanoes, Tope de Coroa and Cova de Paul, respectively at the west and east ends of the island. Tope de Coroa has a summit plateau with basic, strombolian vents and phonolitic lava domes, emplaced within nested lateral collapse structures: at least one Plinian explosive eruption has occurred in its recent history, but pyroclastic flow hazards are limited to sparsely populated regions. The Cova de Paul volcano has experienced one or two lateral collapses. It has a three – armed volcanic rift system with strombolian vents, phonolitic domes and phreatomagmatic explosion craters in a complex summit region. The phreatomagmatic eruptions generated surges and low temperature pyroclastic flows, similar to the Roque Nublo Ignimbrites of Gran Canaria, that extend to the coasts of the island. Brava consists of a single volcanic edifice on an uplifted seamount. The flanks have lava flows and domes, but the densely populated summit plateau is dominated by pyroclastic deposits. These include phonolitic airfall pumice and block-and-ash flow de-

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

posits and rare carbonatite airfall deposits, but most recent deposits are phreatomagmatic or phreatic. Surge deposits, laharic breccias and thick Roque Nublo Ignimbrite type pyroclastic flow deposits are all present. Most eruptions of Brava have been violently explosive, presenting a high level of hazard. Further, the steep topography and limited road network of the island would hamper rapid evacuation of the summit plateau during a future eruption, especially in view of indications of intense pre-eruptive seismicity and ground deformation: preemptive evacuations based upon monitoring and interpretation of precursory activity will likely be required. Dating of the recent activity of both Santo Antao and Brava has been limited, so probabilistic hazard assessments are not possible at present. However, the rapid onset of hazardous phases of explosive activity in past eruptions on these two islands indicates that rapidly – responding mitigation systems based upon wide public awareness of the hazards will be needed, but the lack of historically recorded eruptions means that current levels of hazard awareness are low. Future hazard mapping and monitoring work on both Brava and Santo Antao will need to be accompanied by public education programmes in order to ensure successful volcanic hazard mitigation.

The 2000 eruption of Miyake Island volcano, Japan: Total evacuation and volcanic gas disaster SASAI, Yoichi Former Disaster Prevention Specialist (*) Disaster Prevention Division, Bureau of General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo, Japan (*) Now at EPRC, IORD, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan. [email protected]

Miyake-jima Island, about 150 km to the south from Tokyo in Izu-Bonin Arc, is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. It is a basaltic volcano, which erupted in 1940, 1962, 1983 and 2000. The last eruption in 2000 accompanied the formation of a caldera. However, the caldera was generated by intrusion of magma into the surrounding sea floor, which resultantly produced much less amount of ejecta as compared with the ordinary scenario of caldera formation. Nevertheless, some devastating eruptions did occur unexpectedly, which were not predicted by volcanologists and exposed people to danger. No one was killed nor injured, but it was only owing to some lucky conditions. On such a small island of 8 km in diameter, people are obliged to totally evacuate from the island in early September of 2000. Then a large amount of harmful SO2 gas continuously emitted from the summit caldera, amounting to several to ten thousands of tons/day. Tokyo Metropolitan Government and Japanese Government made every effort to support the evacuees, as well as to recover the infrastructure of the island. The gas emission rate decreased down but it turned stagnant in 2003, which made people’s return more difficult. The Miyake Village Mayor decided to come home under such severe circumstances with SO2 gas by taking enough safety measures against volcanic gas. People finally returned home in February 2005 after 4.5 years refuge. For the past 5 years after the return-home, no one was harmed by SO2 gas, which implies the countermeasure against SO2 gas by Miyake Village worked quite effectively. However, the population of Miyake Village decreased by one thousand as compared with the one in 2000. There still remains uninhabited area on the island because of gas hazard, and the flight to/from the mainland is frequently interrupted owing to the gas. Such situation

ABSTRACTS

prevents tourists’ visit, although the sightseeing is the major industry of this island.

Assessing volcanic hazards: quantitative models of tephra fall BONADONNA, Costanza Section des sciences de la Terre et de l’environnement, Université de Genève, Switzerland [email protected]

Depending on their magnitude and location, volcanic eruptions have the potential for becoming major social and economic disasters. One of the modern challenges for the volcanology community is to improve our understanding of volcanic processes in order to achieve successful assessments and mitigation of volcanic risk, which is traditionally based on volcano monitoring and geological records. Geological records are crucial to our understanding of eruptive activity and history of a volcano, but often they are not comprehensive of the variation of volcanic processes and are also typically biased towards the largest events. Numerical modelling and probability analysis can be used to complement direct observations and to explore a much wider range of possible scenarios. As a result, numerical modelling and probabilistic analysis have become increasingly important in hazard assessment of volcanic hazards. Assessments of hazards related to dispersion and accumulation of tephra fall are a good example of the application of this modern approach and typically rely on the critical combination of field data, numerical simulations and probability analysis. Tephra is one of the main products of explosive eruptions and can be transported in the atmosphere for long time and distance causing respiratory problems to human and animals, serious damage to buildings and also affecting several economical sectors such as aviation, agriculture and tourism. Comprehensive hazard assessments for tephra dispersal are based on the compilation of probability maps and hazard curves. Probability maps are compiled using specific hazardous thresholds of tephra accumulation (e.g. damage to vegetation, collapse of buildings and airport closure) and for specific activity scenarios, e.g. One-Eruption Scenario, Eruption-Range Scenario, One-Wind Scenario and Multiple-Eruption Scenario for the minimum and for the maximum deposit. Hazard curves are more flexible as they are not based on any hazardous thresholds or particular return period. All hazard assessments strictly depend on the specific nature and history of a volcano and need to be combined with thorough field investigations. Even though some parameters of recent eruptions can be accurately derived from direct observations and satellite retrievals (e.g. plume height), the determination of eruptive parameters (e.g. plume height, erupted volume, mass discharge rate, duration) is typically based on the characterization of tephra deposits and is not always straightforward. In particular, eruptive parameters can be inferred by applying empirical, analytical and numerical models and through the inversion solutions of analytical models. These models need to be thoroughly analyzed and the associated assumptions and limitations need to be investigated in order to assess the variability of resulting eruptive parameters. This is crucial not only because these eruptive parameters are used to characterize and classify volcanic eruptions but also because they are used as input to numerical models and to construct potential activity scenarios for hazard assessment.

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MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

Educating and communicating volcanic hazard, risk and vulnerability within the tourism sector in southern Iceland BIRD, Deanne Katherine Risk Frontiers, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia [email protected]

The Katla volcano in southern Iceland is one the most hazardous in the country. Frequent, destructive eruptions producing catastrophic jökulhlaup, tephra fall and lightning hazards pose a serious risk to many local communities and tourist destinations. In order to assess the vulnerability of the tourism sector, longitudinal research was conducted in 2007 and 2009 in the popular tourist region of Þórsmörk. This area was chosen due its importance to regional and national tourism and also because of its location within the jökulhlaup hazard zone of Katla. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between volcanic risk and the tourism sector and the complex challenge emergency management agencies face in developing effective volcanic risk mitigation strategies. The results of the survey show that education and training campaigns implemented in 2008 were well accepted by tourists and tourism employees. However, they were not entirely successful at increasing tourists and tourism employees’ knowledge. One critical point raised by many participants was the inadequacy of the hazard map. The map failed to ‘communicate to them’ the location of the hazard zones and evacuation routes. Also, those who had read the Eruption Emergency Guidelines brochure likened it to a tourist advertisement. Further examination and discussion of various communication and education techniques will be provided in relation to the recent events during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions. Also, recommendations will be made to facilitate improvements in hazard, risk and emergency response communication, education and training.

Stromboli, Etna and Vesuvius: Examples of Volcanic Risks Managed by the Italian Civil Protection CARDACI, Chiara Dipartimento della Protezione Civile - Servizio Rischio Vulcanico, Roma, Italy [email protected]

Italy’s national territory is exposed to a broader range of natural hazards than other European countries. For this reason, Italy has implemented a coherent, multi– risk approach to civil protection. This approach fully integrates the scientific and technological expertise within a structured system aimed at forecasting natural disasters, providing early warning and immediately managing the emergency. With regard to its delayed time activities, the Department of Civil Protection (DPC) provides strong support to the knowledge of natural hazardous phenomena through a network of Competence Centres (Centres for technological and scientific services). DPC supports research efforts on the assessment of vulnerability and exposure of population, buildings and critical infrastructures to the risks associated with these phenomena. The early warning system for volcanic events, floods, landslides, hydro-meteorological events and forest fires includes prevention activities. It is provided by the DPC on the basis of the network of “Centri Funzionali” (Functional Centres). These centres are in charge of the forecast and assessment of the risk scenarios, in order to provide a multiple support system to the decision makers of the Civil Protection Authorities. The Functional Centres are organized

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ABSTRACTS

in a network which consists of operative units able to collect, elaborate and exchange any kind of data (meteorological, hydro-logical, volcanic, seismic and so on), and it is supported by selected Competence Centres involved in the analysis of a specific risk. The southern part of Italy has the highest concentration of active volcanoes of entire Europe: Etna, Vesuvius, Phegrean Fields, Vulcano, Stromboli. More than 2 millions people are exposed to the volcanic risk. Stromboli is characterized by a typical “strombolian” activity, with explosions every 10-20 minutes, and it represents a major attraction for the tourists in the Aeolian archipelago. On the December 30th, 2002, a landslide along the Sciara del Fuoco flank triggered a tsunami that severely affected the Stromboli coasts and reached the other Aeolian islands and the northern part of Sicily, although with lower intensity. Since that catastrophic event the DPC, in cooperation with the scientific community and the local population, funded the improvement of a multiparametric monitoring system and undertook several countermeasures to mitigate the volcanic risk. Nowadays DPC provides a daily bulletin of criticality in order to estimate the impending risk. Etna volcano, with the strong ash emissions of 2002-2003 and 2006 eruptions, brought severe problems to the air traffic management, in particular to the Catania international airport (located about 30 km SE of the Mt. Etna). In order to support the local airspace authorities for the air traffic management in case of eruption, DPC daily provides simulation maps of the probable plume direction and ash dispersion every three hours. Due to the extensive urbanization of its surroundings, Vesuvius represents one of the areas with highest volcanic risk in the world. The DPC, through a dedicated expertise Commission, is updating the National Emergency Plan for the Vesuvius, which foresees the total evacuation of the “red area” (about 500.000 people) within 72 hours. In 2006 the Vesuvius emergency plan and its procedures were successfully tested by a European civil protection exercise (M.E.SIM.EX).

Redução do Risco Vulcânico em Cabo Verde: passado, presente e futuro GONÇALVES, António Augusto Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil (LEC), Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Durante a Década Internacional para a Redução de Desastres Naturais, que decorreu de 1990 a 1999, a comunidade científica e política internacional realizou uma intensa análise e avaliação das catástrofes naturais ocorridas no planeta o que permitiu definir e recomendar a materialização de diversas acções para reduzir os riscos de perigos naturais entre eles os associados aos vulcões activos, nomeadamente as acções que visam melhorar e optimizar a gestão do risco vulcanológico. E foi precisamente durante essa década, em 1995, ocorreu a mais recente erupção do Vulcão da Ilha do Fogo. Alguns anos antes, em 1951, o mesmo vulcão entrara em erupção. O Departamento de Geociências do Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde, LEC colaborou nas investigações científicas que entretanto decorreram nas Ilhas do Fogo e da Brava no âmbito da rede do “Projecto de Vigilância do Vulcão do Fogo” – montada entre 1997 e 2003, no âmbito do Protocolo Adicional nº 4 ao Acordo de Cooperação Científica e Técnica entre a República Portuguesa e a República de Cabo Verde. Essas investigações formam lideradas pelo Laboratório do Departamento de Geofísica do Instituto Superior Técnico de Lis-

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

boa com a participação de outras instituições e nacionais e estrangeiras. Embora com dificuldades e descontinuidades Departamento de Geociências do LEC – laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde manteve em funcionamento a Rede de Vigilância Geofísica do Vulcão da Ilha do Fogo tendo participado nos exercícios da Nato – “Steadfast Jaguar 2006”, na sua componente simulação de uma erupção do vulcão. Para o efeito o SNPC – Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, instalou postos de rádio no LEC e em Chã das Caldeiras. Nesse exercício competia ao LEC transmitir para a sede do SNPC, em dias e horas previamente fixadas, através do posto rádio, telefone, Internet e mensageiros, mensagens relatando a evolução da actividade sísmica simulada que, por sua vez eram retransmitidas pelo SNPC para entidades governamentais previamente definidas e a outras entidades operacionais do exercício. Os resultados desse exercício foram encorajadores e levaram o Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Cabo Verde, o Serviço Nacional da Protecção Civil e o Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde - cientes da sua falta de experiência e insuficiente know-how num domínio tão complexo que é o da vulcanologia - a se associarem e assinarem, em 2008, um protocolo de cooperação técnica e científica com o ITER - Instituto Tecnológico y de Energia Renovables das Ilhas Canárias, dando de imediato continuidade às acções de formação e aos trabalhos de campo já em curso. O objectivo imediato deste protocolo é um trabalho conjunto visando a criação e institucionalização do Observatório Vulcanológico de Cabo Verde, (OVCV), entretanto inscrito no World Organization of Volcano Observatories. Em estreita colaboração com Instituto Tecnológico de Energias Renováveis de Tenerife e de outras instituições científicas nacionais e internacionais que adiram a essa colaboração a breve trecho estará reforçada a capacidade de investigação científica de estudantes e docentes das Universidades de Cabo Verde no domínio da vulcanologia e áreas afins. Por outro lado será melhorada a capacidade de intervenção preventiva do Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, baseada num melhor e mais profundo conhecimento dos fenómenos vulcanológicos. É neste contexto que, reconhecida a importância do projecto Reduzindo o Risco Vulcânico na Macaronésia, Cabo Verde apresentou a sua candidatura ao financiamento pelo Programa de Cooperação Transnacional MAC 2007 – 2013 em que participarão as instituições acima referidas e o Observatório Vulcanológico e Geofísico da Universidade dos Açores.

Resposta à Emergencia Vulcanica em Cabo Verde FERNANDES, Alberto Carlos Barbosa Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC), Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

A última erupção vulcânica registada na ilha do Fogo em 1995, tendo provocado a volta de um milhar de deslocados, perdas de habitações, bens e terras cultiváveis, teve um enorme reflexo em Cabo Verde e foi determinante para reforçar a convicção das autoridades de que medidas urgentes teriam que ser tomadas com vista à criação de um Sistema Nacional de Protecção Civil, para prevenir situações de emergência e intervir para neutralizar ou minimizar os seus efeitos. Assim, em 1999 foi publicada toda a legislação e deu-se inicio à instalação do Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (Serviço Especializado de Assessoria Técnica e de Coordenação Operacional

ABSTRACTS

da actividade) e, ao mesmo tempo à implementação da protecção civil em todo o território nacional. Para o acompanhamento da situação meteorológica e das situações de emergência, alerta precoce, e apoio aos decisores operacionais de socorro e assistência, o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica, com sede na Ilha do Sal fornece diariamente ao Centro Nacional de Operações de Emergência de Protecção Civil, na cidade da Praia, através de meios informáticos (Internet, telefone, fax) os dados meteorológicos, climáticos e geofísicos diversos. Ainda em termos de alerta precoce, o SNPC, dispõe de um sistema de Comunicações HF instalado em todos os Centros Municipais de Operações de Emergência das 22 Cidades de Cabo Verde, bem como linhas verde de emergência gratuita – 800 11 12. Em 2008 foi instalado um “ SEMÁFORO VULCÂNICO”, na localidade de Chã das Caldeiras, Ilha do Fogo, e desde 2006 foi instalado um Sistema de Rádio difusão local, de Aviso e Alerta às populações da localidade de Chã das Caldeiras, ilha do Fogo, em caso de erupção vulcânica, composto por 15 grandes altifalantes. Para a Redução dos Riscos Vulcanológicos em Cabo Verde, foi assinado recentemente um Protocolo de Cooperação entre o Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, a Universidade de Cabo Verde e o Instituto Tecnológico e de Energias Renováveis das Ilhas Canárias, com o envolvimento da Agencia Espanhola de Cooperação e Desenvolvimento. Também para a redução do risco vulcânico, está em curso o Projecto MIAVITA - Mitigating and Assensing Volcanic Impacts on Terrain and Humains Activities, que conta com a participação de diversas instituições nacionais e internacionais. A resposta aos acidentes graves, catástrofes ou calamidades não pode ser deixada ao acaso, antes pelo contrario, deve ser convenientemente planeada, devidamente coordenada e apoiada com os meios e recursos necessários, desempenhando os agentes de protecção civil um papel crucial na preparação da comunidade com vista a enfrentar as ocorrências. Assim para uma resposta rápida e eficaz face aos desastres naturais, Cabo Verde dispõe de: um Mecanismo de Coordenação – Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil; um Plano Nacional de Contingência (instrumento importante de planificação, coordenação e gestão); dezassete (17) Planos Municipais de Emergência aprovados; três (3) Planos Especiais de Emergência elaborados (Incêndios florestais, Inundações na Cidade da Praia, e PEE para Erupções Vulcânicas, este último testado em 2006, num cenário de “Simulação de uma Erupção Vulcanica” no âmbito do Exercicio Steadfast Jaguar 2006, com a participação das forças da Nato, e em que foram evacuadas 912 pessoas e instaladas num Campo de deslocados com as condições mínimas de habitabilidade e alojamento); um Centro Nacional de Operações de Emergência de Protecção Civil (CNOEPC) e de 17 Centros Municipais de Operações de Emergência equipados e em funcionamento (CMOEPC). A protecção civil é hoje uma preocupação presente, com lugar de destaque nas principais agendas internacionais. As catástrofes não tem fronteiras, pelo que a cooperação internacional em matéria de Protecção Civil assume uma via cada vez mais fundamental para a melhoria da eficácia, quer ao nível da prevenção quer das acções de desposta. Cabo Verde encontra-se num momento de viragem no seu processo de desenvolvimento. Estamos a atravessar uma etapa nova, que a todos os níveis nos impõe uma exigência acrescida e maiores responsabilidades em termos de resposta, informação, formação e preparação da população.

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Volcanic hazard in the Azores archipelago FRANÇA, Zilda1,2 and FORJAZ, Victor H.1,2

1. Departamento de Geociências, Universidade dos Açores, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal 2. Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores (OVGA), São Miguel, Açores, Portugal [email protected]

Due to the constraints that the Azorean islands are subject resulting from the fact that they are (1) a triple junction of plates, (2) near the Mid Atlantic Ridge and (3) interaction with a mantle plume, the dangers and risks volcanic and seismic data are quite high. In fact, over the historic times these islands, which have since mid-fifteenth century, when its settlement occurred, a series of disasters has affected some islands, with the main focus for most of the islands of central and eastern group the archipelago. With regard to the volcanism in this period there were about 26 eruptions with focus on land and at sea. Submarine eruptions, have been fundamentally surtseyan type, with greater or lesser expression of explosivity, but the most recent eruption occurred in 1998-2001 was manifested differently by presenting their specific characteristics that led to classify it as the serretian type. Because of the eruptive centers of the largest submarine explosive eruptions meet at considerable distances from the land did not cause losses on them. However, the emblematic Capelinhos eruption (1957-1958), because the vents are just a few meters from the eastern tip of the Faial island, the losses were heavy either by the effect of ash emitted which destroyed crops and led to the collapse of houses, whether as a result of intense seismic activity that accompanied the eruption. Moreover, analyzing the subaerial eruptions of historic times it appears that most of them were of the hawaiian or strombolian types. However, there is to report (1) on the island of São Miguel, some sub-plinian and plinian eruptions and (2) in São Jorge, phases of devastating basaltic pyroclastic flows associated with two historical strombolian eruptions. If we broaden our observation for deposits prehistoric the scenario is much more terrifying because it is found that on islands where there are large stratovolcanoes superimposed on well-developed magma chambers major eruptions of the type sub-plinian to plinian occurred, causing significant deposits that sometimes came to cover the entire island. In the archipelago is not possible to separate the volcanic activity of seismic activity, because this has always been associated with all the volcanic events. Moreover it appears that the tectonics is the main driver of volcanic activity in the Azores. Suffice careful observation on the morphology of the islands, the dispersion of eruptive centers, to realize to what extent is that the volcanic phenomena are driven by the dynamics of large fractures affecting the archipelago. In this sense seems essential that the seismic monitoring focuses either on volcanic earthquakes as well as on the tectonic nature seismicity of which have caused havoc in several islands with much greater frequency and also with more dramatic effects. Considering the overall landscape of the archipelago through (1) the analysis of historical deposits and prehistoric visible on the islands, (2) of the volcanic episodes associated with each volcano on Holocene times and (3) the study of return periods of the most eruptive dangerous active volcanoes, we can consider two groups of volcanic islands with different hazards. Thus, group I comprises the islands with high hazard (São Miguel, Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial and surrounding seas) and group II those with low hazard (Santa Maria, Flores and Corvo).

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Volcanic Emergency in the Azores - A multidisciplinary approach CARVALHO, Pedro Regional Service of Civil Protection and Firefighting, SRPCBA, Portugal [email protected]

The Azores are an archipelago of nine islands located in the North Atlantic, 1,500 km from Lisbon, with 250,000 inhabitants. In the Azores there are many signs of volcanic activity, being recorded the last eruption in 1999, along the coast of Terceira Island. Previously, in 1957, there was the eruption of Capelinhos, with devastating consequences for humans in Faial and Pico. Therefore, the SRPCBA developed a response to volcanic crises, including the Seismic-Volcanic Plan to deal with emergencies of this nature. One of the most importance task of this plan is the massive evacuation, after the scientific community provide information about the eruption. The link to the scientific community its necessary and an important asset, taking into account the needs of decision making making process. In 1996, SRPCBA represented Portugal in International Exercise Mesimex 2006, held in Naples, Italy, supported by the European Commission. The SRPCBA sent a team of 13 operational and two scientists from the University of Azores which carried out tasks in the prediction and analysis of Vesuvius, by monitoring the volcano, and provides help in the massive evacuation of affected populations. A workshop was carried out in order to establish clear procedures for operationalisation of the Seismic-Volcanic Plan. This workshop was held for a week and allowed us to establish the necessary procedures, including the diplomatic tasks associated with the massive evacuations of populations, in a third country. The SRPCBA has been conducting exercises and contingency planning together with the Commission for Civil Emergency Planning Committee, which is a group linked to sociological emergency duties related with the military defense and internal security, paying attention to economic, social, political, geographic and human entails of a volcanic event. The exercises conducted by SRPCBA on this or other topics, have been extraordinarily important for the intrinsic knowledge of the different organizations and people involved in incidents of great complexity. The Armed Forces, directed by the Azores Operational Command (COA), are a constant presence in those exercises, given the need for employment of the Armed Forces in earthquakes and volcanic events: The last exercise was carried out in October 2010 and saw the direct involvement of 53 different entities. The combination of contingency planning and science is crucial in a volcanic emergency. Only a close link between political, operational and scientific body can ensure the success of civil protection operations.

Reducing volcanic risk in the Canary Islands: state of the art PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1, IBAÑEZ, Jesús1,2, and HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain [email protected]

According to the Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain which was approved by the Spanish National Government in 1996, volcanic risk in Spain is just delimited to the Canary Islands where a dozen of volcanic eruptions had occurred during the last 500 years causing at least 23 fatalities. Several observed weakness and strengths related to this Basic

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Guideline as well as threaths and opportunities on its application in the Canary Islands have been recently identified suggesting the need of a major revision of this Basic Guideline. In addition it should be highlighted that volcanic risk in the Canary Islands is now higher than 40 years ago as a result of the actual higher levels of population and socio-economic value exposure to the volcanic hazards present on the territory. This reality should drive the joint commitment of all governments (national, regional and local) and institutions to accomplish the appropriate actions for reducing volcanic risk in the Canaries, and thus contribute to a sustainable development in this archipelago. The three major actions recommended by the international scientific and political community (IAVCEI & UNESCO) to reduce volcanic risk are: (a) mapping volcanic hazards, (b) setting up a multidisciplinary volcano monitoring program, and (c) developing a volcanic emergency plan. Until present, Canary Islands lack of having official volcanic hazard maps which are an essential tool to identify hazardous areas and establish the strategies for a better use of the territory. Regarding to volcanic monitoring, since 1997 a multidisciplinary approach for the volcanic surveillance of the Canary Islands has been established and a big effort has been achieved by different governmental administrations to improve and optimize volcano monitoring during the recent years to strength the early volcano warning system. However, the poor coordination among different volcano monitoring network and programs supported regularly by public funds from different administrations is still one of the biggest problem for the volcanic surveillance in the Canary Islands. The Special Plan of Civil Protection and Emergency Response to Volcanic Risk in the Canary Islands (PEVOLCA) has been recently elaborated by the Regional Government of the Canary Islands. The three main points of an emergency system to the volcanic risk are (i) have a infallible communication warning system for the volcanic alerts, (ii) inform and educate the public about volcanic hazards and volcanic risk management in their region, and (iii) test the emergency plan by conducting volcano emergency simulation exercises. Communication systems in the Canary Islands are quite strong to support public communication of the volcanic alerts. This system is being used for public communication related to other natural hazards such meteorological alerts which occurs frequently in the Canaries. Since 2008, ITER active volcano research group in collaboration with other institutions is weekly carrying out a volcano educational program for the population of the Canary Islands. This program consist of three educative units which include the IAVCEI & UNESCO’s videos “Understanding Volcanic Hazards” and “Reducing Volcanic Risk” and a power point presentation about the volcanic phenomena and volcanic risk management at the Canary Islands. Other channels to raise public awareness about volcanic hazards are being used by ITER in collaboration with Spanish National Public Radio & Television (PLANETA VIVO RADIO and TELEPLANETA). By the time being the biggest threat of the PEVOLCA is and will be failure to carry out volcano emergency simulation exercises. The 2005 and 2006 unanimous declarations of the Spanish Senate and the Canary Islands’ Parliament urging the Spanish and the Canary Islands Autonomous Governments the creation of Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands (IVC) is and will be the best strategy to minimize the current weaknesses on the volcanic risk management in the Canary Islands.

Geological Hazards in Brava Island and their Implications on Emergency Planning ALFAMA, Vera1,2, QUEIROZ, Gabriela1 and FERREIRA,

ABSTRACTS

Teresa1

1. Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, Portugal 2. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Brava is the westernmost island of the Sotavento group, in the Cape Verde archipelago. The later is located in a stable intraplate area, where is considered to exist a mantle plume or other deep mantle processes. As a consequence, some islands, particularly Brava, are affected by seismic activity and have recent and/ or historical volcanic eruptions. Despite the fact that Brava’s historical records show no volcanic eruptions, it is possible to identify some recent eruptive centres and products (possibly Holocenic). These indicate that the corresponding volcanic systems remain active (Machado, 1965; Machado et al, 1968). Furthermore, some of these deposits have been formed through explosive eruptions, which points towards the possibility of a significant volcanic hazard. The most significant seismic activity in the archipelago has been registered in Brava island region, often as seismic swarms of volcano or tectonic origin. The most important recent seismic crises occurred (1) between December 1980 and May 1981, where a maximum intensity of VII (Modified Mercalli Scale) has been registered; and (2) in June 2006 and January 2007. Also, the seismic activity associated with many Fogo island eruptions was felt on Brava as it happened during the 1951 and 1995 volcanic eruptions. However, the absence of a seismic monitoring network with an appropriate coverage of the archipelago prevents an adequate study on the location of the seismogenic areas. Another significant geological hazard in Brava results from landslides triggered by seismic and volcanic activities, or by intense rainfall. Landslide scars have been identified on the slopes around the island as well as within river valleys on the western and southern areas of the island. In addition, strong evidences of gravitational instability have been reported on the sea cliff north of Baía da Fajã de Água, which suggest potential collapse. Taking into account the geological hazards that can impact Brava Island a multi-hazard study is being conducted for their assessment. This will allow evaluating the susceptibility of Brava Island to each hazard, a key information for emergency planning and crises management as well as for land use planning. The integration of all the results will be done in a Geographical Information Systems in order to produce tools that can be used by civil protection authorities.

Origin of the CO2 emission from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde PADRÓN, Eleazar1; MELIÁN, Gladys1; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima1, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1; FERNANDES, Paulo2, BARROS, Inocêncio2, DIONIS, Samara1, BANDOMO, Zuleyka2, VICTÓRIA, Sónia3, RODRIGUES, Jair4, GONÇALVES, António2, NASCIMENTO, Judite3, BARBOSA, Alberto4 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Pico do Fogo volcano is the youngest and most active volcano of the Cape Verde archipelago and is located to the east of the Bordiera semicircular escarpment, at Fogo Island, Cape Verde. Pico do Fogo rises over 2800 m above sea level and is capped by a 500-m-wide,

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150-m-deep summit crater. Since 1999, ITER started a volcanic monitoring program focused mainly on the diffuse CO2 emissions from Pico do Fogo crater. Surface gas surveys have been undertaken at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of CO2 efflux and their relationships with the volcanic activity. The total diffuse CO2 emission rate has decreased from 919 t/d, measured four years after the 1995 eruption, to ~ 30 t/d at present. To constrain the origin of the diffuse emission values observed at Pico do Fogo crater, a total of 65 surface gas samples were collected at 40 cm depth on February 2010 to analyse the CO2 content and isotopic composition. Surface CO2 concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 92.5 mol. %, with an average value of 18.9 mol. %. The CO2 isotopic composition ranged between -13.0 and -0.7 ‰ vs VPDB, with an average value of -6.1 ‰ vs VPDB. CO2 concentration versus isotopic composition binary plot indicates that most of the samples plots around the mixing line between a biogenic, defined by 0.17 mol. % and -20.6 ‰ vs VPDB (characteristic of biogenic CO2 in the soil atmosphere of Fogo island) and fumarole gas reservoir, defined by 95 mol. % and -4.07 ‰ vs VPDB (Figure 1). Spatial distribution maps of soil CO2 concentration and isotopic composition, constructed following the sequential Gaussian simulation technique (sGs), allow us to distinguish three main diffuse degassing structures (DDS) at the surface environment of the summit crater of Pico do Fogo (Figure 1): DDS (A), characterized by the highest CO2 content (>60 mol. %), with d 13C similar to the fumarole gases CO2; DDS (B), characterized by CO2 content in the range 25-40 mol. % and the heaviest isotopic composition; DDS (C) characterized by the lowest CO2 content (< 1 mol. %) and the lightest isotopic composition. Under this observation, we concluded that A releases mainly magmatic CO2 by advective discharges, B releases magmatic CO2 with heaviest isotopic signature due to the different diffusion coefficient between 13C and 12C and C exhibits mainly air CO2 enriched by small amounts of biogenic CO2 production.

Figure 1. (left) CO2 concentration and isotopic composition binary plot; (right) Spatial distribution of the soil δ13C (CO2) at Pico do Fogo crater.

Diffuse CO2 emission from Sao Vicente volcanic system, Cape Verde PADILLA, Germán1; PADRÓN, Eleazar1; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima1; BANDOMO, Zuleyka2; VICTÓRIA, Sónia3; MELIÁN, Gladys1; DIONIS, Samara1; BARRANCOS, José1; HERNÁDEZ, Pedro A.1 GONÇALVES, António2, NASCIMENTO, Judite3, BARBOSA, Alberto4, PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

The Cape Verde Islands are a horseshoe-shaped group of volcanic islands located 550–800 km off the West African coast and are the culmination of the

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Cape Verde Rise, an area of elevated seafloor over 1000 km across, interpreted as the topographic expression of an underlying mantle plume. Sao Vicente is one of the ten islands that comprise Cape Verde with an area of 227 km2 and located northwest of the Archipelago. The most recent volcanic structures are located at north-east and east part of the island. Since visible volcanic gas emissions are absent at Sao Vicente surface environment, CO2 diffuse degassing becomes a powerful geochemical tool to evaluate the volcanic activity at the island. The main reason of targeting diffuse degassing studies on CO2 are because after water vapour, is the main component of the volcanic gases and has a low solubility in silicate melts. In November 2008, a survey of 362 measurements of diffuse CO2 emission and soil temperature was performed at Sao Vicente following the accumulation chamber method. Diffuse CO2 emission values ranged between non detectable to 10 g m-2 d-1, with an average value of 1.4 g m-2 d-1. Based on the Sequential Gaussian Simulation (sGs), spatial distribution maps were constructed. Inspection of the CO2 efflux contour map (Figure 1) shows highest values at Mindelo and surroundings, in agreement with the location of vegetated areas. No any relation between CO2 degassing rates and volcano-structural features were identified. To estimate the total diffuse CO2 output released from Sao Vicente island, we considered the contribution of each cell obtained after sGs and the average of the 200 simulations to estimate the total output and one standard deviation as the uncertainty. Total diffuse CO2 emission was estimated on 248 ± 11 t d-1, value lower that the estimated for El Hierro, a volcanic island of the Canaries with a similar area. We recommend that this study, carried out thanks to the Spanish AID Agency (AECID), should be performed every 2 o 3 years to strengthen the volcano monitoring program at Sao Vicente volcanic system and contribute to reduce volcanic risk in Cape Verde.

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the CO2 efflux at Sao Vicente island, Cape Verde, November 2008.

Helium and radon gas degassing from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo DIONIS, Samara1, MELIÁN, Gladys1, NOLASCO, Dácil1, PADRÓN, Eleazar1, FERNANDES, Paulo2, GONÇALVES, António2, NASCIMENTO, Judite3, BARBOSA, Alberto4, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A. 1, and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Pico do Fogo volcano is the youngest and most active volcano of the Cape Verde archipelago and rises over

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

2800 m above sea level. Pico do Fogo is located to the east of the Bordiera semicircular escarpment, at Fogo Island and is capped by a 500-m-wide, 150-mdeep summit crater. Soil gas prospecting is a useful tool to discover and delineate faults, to study seismic and volcanic activities and as an indicator for deep fluid sources. However, the chemical composition of soil gases in volcanic and hydrothermal systems can be drastically modified by complex physical-chemical processes along its ascent toward the surface and, once there, can be modified by the action of surface features such as biogenic and meteorological factors. Helium (4He) and radon (222Rn) are produced in the subsurface by the radioactive decay of U and Th contained in the rocks. Helium has been considered an almost ideal geochemical indicator because it is chemically inert, physically stable, nonbiogenic, sparingly soluble in water under ambient conditions and almost non-adsorbable. Radon has been widely used as a geochemical tracer because it can be brought to the surface by liquid convection caused by high geothermal gradients and its transport occurs effectively in areas of high permeability by fracturing. Surface He and 222Rn surveys were carried out at Pico do Fogo volcano crater on May 2009 as part of the volcanic surveillance program of this volcano. 222Rn activity were measured in-situ in a total of 65 sites by means of a radon monitor SARAD RTM2010-2 and soil gas samples were collected at each location and analysed for He concentration by means of a QMS Pfeiffer Omnistar 422. 222Rn activity ranged between non-detected values and 5.8 kBq/m3, with an average value of 403 kBq/m3. Soil DHe values (DHe=Hesurface atmosphere – Heair atmosphere) ranged between -490 and 4,800 ppb, with an average value of 185 ppb. Spatial distribution maps of surface 222Rn and He were constructed following the sequential Gaussian simulation technique (sGs). The occurrence of 222Rn and He anomalies has revealed two preferential routes for noble gas leaking. The higher DHe values were observed at the main fumarole area of the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, the obvious preferential route of deep-seated degassing, and the observed higher 222Rn activity values were measured through permeable structures in the summit crater peripheral areas.

ABSTRACTS

[email protected]

Brava, with a surface of 67 km2, is the smallest inhabitated island of the volcanic archipelago of Cape Verde and lies at the southwestern end of the archipelago. The highest peak at Brava is Monte Fontainhas (976 m.a.s.l.). Brava volcanic system has no documented historical eruptions, but its young volcanic morphology and the fact that earthquake swarms still occur at Brava are signs of a latent volcanic activity indicating the potential for future eruptions. The lack of visible volcanic gas emission at Brava highlights the importance of monitoring diffuse CO2 emission to improve its volcanic surveillance. Therefore, a geochemical survey of diffuse gas emission was undertaken in Brava Island in March 2010 thanks to the Spanish AID Agency (AECID). During the field work, a total of 228 sampling sites were selected to obtain a representative distribution all over the island following criteria of accessibility and geology. Soil CO2 efflux measurements were performed following the accumulation chamber method by means of a portable accumulation chamber and an IR sensor, as well as soil temperature measurements at a depth of 15-40 cm. Soil gas samples were also collected at 15-40 cm depth for chemical (He, H2, N2, CO2, CH4, Ar and CO2) and isotopic (δ13C-CO2) analysis in 32 selected sampling sites. CO2 efflux values ranged from non-detected values to 1343 g m-2 d-1. To estimate the total diffuse CO2 emission from Brava volcanic system, a CO2 efflux map was constructed using sequential Gaussian simulations (sGs). Most of the studied area showed background levels of CO2 efflux (~2 g m-2 d-1), while peak levels (>1300 g m-2 d-1) were mainly identified at Vinagre and Baleia areas. The total diffuse CO2 output from Brava volcanic system was estimated about 41.6 t d-1. Plotting soil CO2 concentration vs. soil O2, a mixing between volcanic gas, air and biogenic gas geochemical reservoirs is observed, suggesting the existence of a deep contribution for the diffuse CO2 emissions. To constrain the origin of CO2, δ13C-CO2 values were measured, providing us an insight for evaluating the origin of the C in the diffuse CO2 emissions. Observed δ13C-CO2 values ranged from -20.86 to -1.26 ‰, suggesting different origins for the CO2. A binary plot of CO2 concentration versus δ13C-CO2 (Figure 1) was constructed by representing the three major geochemical reservoirs (air, magmatic and biogenic gas) and their related mixing lines, showing that most of the soil gases lie along the biogenic and magmatic mixing line. Therefore, spatial distribution of CO2 efflux and diffuse CO2 emission rate monitoring will help to strengthen the volcanic surveillance of the Brava volcanic system.

Figure 1. Location map of the sampling sites and spatial distribution of DHe and 222Rn values at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo.

Geochemical signatures of the diffuse CO2 emission from Brava volcanic system, Cape Verde RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima1; BANDOMO, Zuleyka2; BARROS, Inocêncio2; FONSECA, José2; FERNANDES, Paulo2; RODRIGUES, Jair3; MELIÁN, Gladys1; PADRÓN, Eleazar1; DIONIS, Samara1; VICTÓRIA, Sónia4; GONÇALVES, António2; BARBOSA, Alberto3; NASCIMENTO, Judite4; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde

Figure 1. Binary plot of of CO2 concentration (ppmV) versus δ13C-CO2.

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Geotourism in Fogo Island, Cape Verde ALFAMA, Vera1,2 and BRILHA, José3

1. Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, Portugal 2. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Universidade do Minho, Portugal [email protected]

Geotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that can contribute to the development of local population’s economy, respecting sustainability criteria, as it has been put into practice in geoparks of the Global Network of Geoparks, under the auspices of UNESCO. In recent years, geotourism became a significant activity towards the conservation, valuing and promotion of the geological heritage. The concept of sustainable development has emerged from the growing concern for improving future living conditions without causing unnecessary depletion of natural resources. This should be considered in all human activities, including tourism. The latter should operationalize the concept of sustainability in all its activities, contributing to a long-living sustainable development. This work is focused on the Fogo Island geodiversity, particularly on the Pico de Fogo volcano due to its remarkable geodiversity. Over the years, this landscape has been recognized as an important scientific, cultural, educational, aesthetic and especially tourist resource. Hence, the development of specialized documentation describing it becomes a priority. An inventory of geosites in Fogo Island has resulted in the identification of nine geosites and an area of geological interest (Chã das Caldeiras) constituted by more seven geosites distributed in the Fogo Natural Park. The majority of these geosites present geomorphological, volcanological and stratigraphical relevance as well as a high touristic value. A geotouristic guidebook was produced in order to promote the knowledge and respect for this geological heritage by national and international visitors. It has been shown that the high volcanic geodiversity of Fogo Island and the value of its geosites justify the adoption of geotourism for the region, which should be assumed by the national authorities. This recommendation extends to the remaining islands. It is urgent to raise the awareness of the Cape Verdean authorities and population in general for the actions on geoconservation and geotourism. These authorities should recognize the importance of geotourism and its inclusion into policies and strategies for the Nature Conservation of Cape Verde. The preservation of these sites should be considered a priority, as they constitute the support of a sustainable activity with clear advantages for the local populations. The creation of a geopark in Fogo Island could become a tool to ensure the sustainability of the natural and cultural identities of this territory through geoturism and improving the living conditions of local populations.

Monitorização Geoquímica do Vulcão do Fogo BANDOMO, Zuleyka1; FERNANDES, Paulo1; ANDRADE, Mário1; FONSECA, José1; MELIÁN, Gladys2; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima2; NOLASCO, Dácil2; PADILLA, Germán2; PADRÓN, Eleazar2 CALVO, David2; BARROS, Inocêncio1; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.2; VICTÓRIA, Sónia3; RODRIGUES, Jair4; GONÇALVES, António1; NASCIMENTO, Judite3; BARBOSA, Alberto4; PÉREZ, Nemésio M.2 1. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 2. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

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3. Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

A ilha do Fogo, fica situada no sudoeste do arquipélago de Cabo Verde com uma superfície de 476 km2; trata-se de um estrato-vulcão com potencial risco vulcânico, tendo ocorrido na ilha, 26 erupções históricas, no período de 1500 a 1995. Em 2007, o Instituto Tecnológico y de Energias Renováveis (ITER, Canárias - Espanha), iniciou um programa de monitorização geoquímica em parceria com as instituições caboverdianas, nomeadamente o Laboratório de Engenharia Civil (LEC), a Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV) e o Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC), que visa contribuir na redução do risco vulcânico em Cabo Verde. O programa consiste na medição da emissão de H2S e CO2 difuso na cratera do Vulcão do Fogo. Os vulcões emitem quantidades significativas de gases não perceptíveis à vista humana, mas que são indicadores de potenciais erupções vulcânicas. Desde então, tem-se realizado várias campanhas com o objectivo de se realizar a avaliação da evolução temporal e espacial do fluxo difuso de CO2 e H2S, assim como a sua relação com a actividade vulcânica. Baseado no algoritmo de simulação gaussiana (sGs), como método de interpolação e mediante o software IDL (Integrated Development Environment), constroem-se mapas de fluxo difuso de CO2 e H2S que permitem a avaliação da evolução espacial desses gases no solo da cratera. Em 2007, a emissão difusa total de CO2 foi de 56±15 td-1; em 2008 e 2009, os valores estimados foram de 39±9 e 258±74 td-1, respectivamente. Durante a campanha de 2010, entre os meses de Março a Agosto de 2010, a emissão total de CO2 foi de 52.8±12.4 td-1 e a emissão total de H2S correspondeu a 13.9±7.4 td-1. Estes valores de CO2 e de H2S correspondem a ciclos eruptivos e a processos de desgasificação do magma; o vulcão do Fogo encontra-se actualmente numa fase pós-eruptiva. A monitorização da emissão difusa de gases vulcânicos é muito útil para a vigilância vulcânica e contribui para a redução do risco vulcânico fortalecendo o sistema de alerta antes das erupções vulcânicas.

On the importance of a well-balanced civil protection system FONSECA, João1 and D’OREYE, Nicolas2 1. Instituto Superior Técnico and ICIST, Lisbon, Portugal 2. European Centre for Geodynamics and Seismology, Luxembourg. [email protected]

Volcanic monitoring in Cape Verde is a good case study to understand the importance of a well-balanced civil protection system in order to achieve risk mitigation. We discuss the interaction between stakeholders in Cape Verde and identify aspects that impacted negatively previous projects VIGIL and ALERT. In April 1995, IST assisted the Capeverdian authorities in the monitoring of Fogo volcano´s most recent eruption, following previous related work (1992-1994) with INIT. However, INIT had been extinguished in 1994, and at the time of the eruption there was no national laboratory with a mandate or resources to conduct geophysical monitoring. In 1997, benefiting from increased awareness, IST launched project VIGIL (J1997- 1999) to implement permanent monitoring. In view of the inexistence of a natural partner, LECV was approached for this purpose. Within the scope of project VIGIL, a telemetric network of 7 seismographic stations were deployed in Fogo and Brava islands, and a laboratory for routine data analysis was set up in Praia, where

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

ABSTRACTS

the data were received in real time. Through the collaboration of ECGS, the network was augmented with tiltmeters and an automatic meteorological station. Great emphasis was put on training, to promote the sustainability of the operation. Once an infrastructure was in place, project ALERT (2000 – 2003) started, to characterize the secondary activity taking place in an inter-eruptive period, and design a table of alert levels. Between 2001 and 2004 the data were shipped from LECV to ISECMAR (São Vicente) by CD or by ftp, for advanced analysis (by B. Faria). But after 2003 the quality of operation decreased sharply, and in 2004 the data stopped being distributed outside LECV. In 2000, the newly created INMG received a clear mandate to operate geophysical monitoring networks in Cape Verde (DR 7/2000). A Department of Geophysics was set up in Mindelo, and B. Faria was hired in September 2002. In 2005, the coordinator of project VIGIL recommended that the operation of the network should be transferred to INMG, in view of their clear mandate, the competence revealed in the use of the data (which led to a successful Ph.D. thesis on a volcanic alert level table for Fogo Volcano), and the state of the network. Unfortunately, this recommendation did not produce effect to this day, and the network has been for all practical purposes inoperative during the last years. Although LECV filled a gap in the system during the second half of the 90’s, this was clearly not the ideal solution, and in 2003, when the geophysical monitoring stopped being supported from abroad, the limitations became apparent. Effective hazard mitigation in Fogo needs a well-balanced civil protection system that acknowledges and benefits from all endogenous scientific competences, and promotes good links between all stakeholders. In recognition of its scientific competence – product of the training provided by projects VIGIL and ALERT - INMG is currently a funded partner of FP7 project MIAVITA, which aims at strengthening the civil protection systems of the target regions, Fogo included. Projects VIGIL and ALERT were funded by FCT, Lisbon, and ICP, Lisbon, and the contribution of ECGS was funded by Luxemburgish Cooperation.

2007 and in 2008 together, 5 in 2009, and 233 in 2010. We divide these phreatic eruptions in three types: A, B and C. The A-type, reaches heights from 2 m to 50 m, the B-type from 51 m to 250 m, and the C-type with eruptions higher than 250 m. The data base indicates that approximately 83% is of the A-type, 13% of the B-type and 4% of the C-type. The A- and B-type eruptions are generally jets of mud that rise from the center of the lake falling down at the same spot. The C-type and some of the B-type eruptions, are able to exit the intracrater, generating a kind of a whitish spray that has ended up wetting the lookout point and the visitors center, located at 2 km distance, and in an occasion it even reached to the town of Trojas, located at 8 km. Recently, a migration of the eruptive center has been observed: from the center toward the south of the lake, very close the dome. The dome fumaroles have reached temperatures up of the 600 °C, and blue flames of more than 10 meters due to sulfur combustion have been observed. Due to the bad climate (common rain and fog) or absence of observers at the lookout point, in many occasions it is impossible to observe the Laguna Caliente during the eruptions. Approximately, the volcano is observed a fifth part of the day time. This is why the real quantity of eruptions can easily pass a 1000 in number. During the entire period 2006-2010, the Laguna Caliente has descended its level by approximately 23 m, and it has lost 1.5x106 m3 of water. The pH of the water has varied from 0.55 to -0.74, with a surface water temperature between the 36.1°C to 56°C. Its water presents a light turquoise to light milky yellowish gray color, which is accentuated after every phreatic event. Spherules of sulfur floating on the surface of the lake are observed throughout the entire period, indicating the presence of subaqueous sulfur pools at the bottom of the lake with temperatures between 116°C and 155°C. The Laguna Caliente has dried out completely in 1953, 1989 and in 1994. It is not improbably this will happen again in the near future.

Laguna Caliente, Poás Volcano, Costa Rica: the most active crater lake of the world (2006-2010) MORA-AMADOR, Raúl1,2,3, RAMÍREZ, Carlos J.1, 2, 3, GONZÁLEZ, Gino1, 2, 3, ROUWET, Dmitri4, ROJAS, Andrey5

1. Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal 2. Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Portugal [email protected]

1. Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica. 2. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas, Costa Rica. 3. Red Sismológica Nacional (UCR-ICE), Costa Rica 4. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Palermo, Italy 5. Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, Volcán Poás, MINAET, Costa Rica. [email protected]

Poás volcano is a complex stratovolcano with an altitude of 2708 m a.s.l., with a subsonic irregular shape (300 km2), it has three recent main structures: the active crater, Botos lagoon and he old crater von Frantzius. In the southern sector of the active crater, a dome (ascended in 1953) and the hyperacidic Laguna Caliente are located, with a diameter that varies among the 320 m and 280 m and a depth that varied from 46 to 23 m between 2006 and 2010. After 12 years without an eruption from Laguna Caliente, in March 2006, a new period of phreatic eruptions resumed and continues till present. Until this moment (August 24, 2010) 259 phreatic eruptions have been reported: 17 in 2006, 2 in

Fogo island sustainable CORREIA, Gilson1 and PONCE DE LEÃO, Maria Teresa1,2

Cape Verde is an archipelago composed of ten islands, and faces an important challenge as concerns the definition of a strategy for energy. Thus taking into account various characteristics such as insularity, territorial fragmentation, given the need to ensure the satisfaction of energy consumption in macro-economic scenarios where the costs of fossil fuels are increasingly high and considering the need to reduce GHG emission. It has therefore become apparent the necessity to develop a set of specific strategies in each island in line with the Government, enterprises and the locals since the small islands require large imports of fuel coupled with large distances making energy costs expensive. The island of Fogo is the fourth largest island in size (476 km2) in terms of population (40,000 inhabitants). In the electrical energy sector, production is based on conventional technologies, more specifically for diesel powered plants, installed at three producer parks namely, Cova Figueira, São Filipe and Mosteiros, giving a combined capacity of approximately 4 MW. Currently only two parks are generating energy, namely São Filipe and Mosteiros both produce about 9 GWh of energy annually. The coverage rate of electricity networks is currently only 70%, which makes

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the island of Fogo one of the islands with the least coverage rates, below the national average. Thus with the rising cost of Thermal generated electricity and dependence on imported diesel, there is therefore a need to resort to the expansion of other renewable sources of energy. Fogo is the only Island to have a historical record of volcanic activity (from the end of the century. XV), with the most recent eruptions occurring in 1951 and 1995. The Island therefore has numerous geological and hydro-geological potential as a result of these volcanic activities. The geology of the island further favors the study of renewable sources of energy since it is characterized by highly over saturated alkaline rocks of the Cenozoic age which are as a result of molten lava from the volcanic eruptions. Hence, studies need to be undertaken, from the viewpoint of the characterization of real geothermal potential and hence its ability to contribute to energy sustainability for the Island of Fogo and Cape Verde in general. Geothermal energy is a renewable form of energy, which harnesses the heat from the earth through hot springs and thermal upwelling’s. Geothermal energy is a free and non-intermittent energy alternative in relation to other renewable sources of energy and especially intermittent fossil energy. Geothermal most visible and profitable use is usually in the production of electricity. However In addition it can be used for residential, industrial, and commercial uses such as in heating or cooling. This Ongoing work presents the study of geothermal resource potentials of the Island of Fogo in Cape Verde. It presents a survey and evaluation of the characterization of the geothermal resource, with the definition of areas with greatest potential for geothermal energy exploration. This project assesses the economic viability of production in comparison with the diesel power plants in the island and taking into account the energy needs according to the socio-economic development plan.

Understanding the relation between pre-eruptive bubble size distribution and observed ash particle sizes: Prospects for prediction of volcanic ash hazards PROUSSEVITCH, Alex1, SAHAGIAN, Dork2 and MULUKUTLA, Gopal1 1. Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, USA 2. Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, USA. [email protected]

Recent advances in measuring pre-eruptive bubble size distributions (BSDs) from ash particle surface morphology now make it possible to calibrate ash fragmentation models for prediction of pyroclastic characteristics of concern to human health and infrastructure. The same magma bodies can generate various eruption products ranging from course bombs to fine ash, with a wide range of fractionation between these end members that in turn depends on the preeruptive bubble size distributions. We have devised a method to produce spatial models of bubble textures that match inferred BSDs of pre-fragmentation magma in the eruption column based on conditions of 1-stage bubble nucleation and random nuclear spacing, with either of two bubble growth schemes- (1) unconfined growth in the absence of neighboring bubbles, and (2) limited growth in a melt volume shared with neighboring bubbles. These scenarios lead to different BSDs, thus controlling fragmentation thresholds and patterns. BSD leads to the thickness distribution of bubble walls and plateau borders, so we can predict the size distribution of ash particles formed by rupture of

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thinnest inter-bubble films, as well as the fraction of compound fragments or clasts derived from parcels of magmatic foam containing thicker walls. As such it is possible to determine the magmatic conditions that lead to eruptions with a high fraction of fine ash of concern to volcanic hazards and respiratory heath.

Transition from mixed magma Strombolian to phreatomagmatic explosive activity at the Cova de Paúl Crater, Santo Antao, The Cape Verde Islands: application of geological evidence to the mitigation of hazards from future violent phreatomagmatic eruptions. TARFF, R.W1., DOWNES, H.1, SEGHEDI, I.2 and DAY, S.J.3 1. Department of Earth Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom 2. Institute of Geodynamics, 19-21 Str. Jean-Luis Calderon, 020032, Bucharest, Romania 3. Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom [email protected]

Santo Antao is the far northwestern island of the Cape Verde Islands; it consists of three overlapping shield volcanoes. The Cova de Paúl Volcano is the most easterly of the three and shows evidence of recent volcanic activity including eruptions of lava flows, phonolite domes and a range of pyroclastic rocks, although it has not erupted in historic times (since 1500 AD). The Cova de Paúl Crater, site of one of the most recent eruptions, is approximately 1 km in diameter and 300 m deep and the source of a complex eruptive sequence of pyroclastic rocks. These include a variety of magmatic, phreatomagmatic and phreatic explosive units formed in succession during a single complex eruption. The climactic phases include low temperature lithic rich ignimbrites comparable to the ~3 Ma old low temperature lithic rich (Roque Nublo type) ignimbrites of Gran Canaria. Evidence suggests that these were produced when rising magma intercepted a shallow aquifer. However, extensive erosion of the volcanic vents on Gran Canaria means that the eruptive sequence and the conditions of emplacement of these distinctive low-temperature ignimbrites are not well understood. In contrast, the Cova de Paúl crater is well preserved and the ignimbrites are associated with other pyroclastic rocks that provide insights into the development of the eruption that produced the ignimbrites. The deposits therefore provide insights into the transition to the violently explosive phase of the eruption that can be used to help in the problem of providing prediction and warning of the onset of such explosive phases in time to effectively mitigate the resulting hazards. Within the walls of the crater a stratographic record of the most resent eruptive sequence has been preserved, possibly in its entirety. From the evidence provided by this record it has been possible to divide the eruption into three distinct sections: (1) a small initial explosive phreatic/ phreatomagmatic phase, marking opening of the vent; (2) A ‘fire fountain’ Strombolian eruption with varied blocky units toward the top that indicate the development of unsteady, more explosive activity; (3) an explosive phreatomagmatic eruption, beginning with airfall and surge units, but transitioning up into the ignimbrites. We will present the preliminary results of fieldwork in November 2010 at the workshop, and also review the results of petrological studies carried out on samples collected during preliminary fieldwork in 2008. These petrological studies indicate that magma mixing was

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

occurring in the magma chamber prior to eruption and may have provided the eruptive trigger. Unsteady flow of incompletely mixed magma up the conduit may have promoted wall rock fracturing and an influxe of water, leading to the transition to a more explosive style of eruption led to the creation of the Cova de Paúl Crater and the emplacement of the ignimbrites.

Volcanic Hazards vs. Land Use Planning in Chã das Caldeiras, Fogo Island, Cape Verde ALFAMA, Vera1,2, VICTÓRIA, Sónia2,3 and RODRIGUES, Jair4 1. Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, Portugal 2. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde 3. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, Praia, Cabo Verde [email protected]

The Planning should establish beyond the identification of areas and protection, or critical areas prone to instability of the geodynamic processes, areas of geological interest and exploration of geological resources. With increasing human occupation and planning of new urban areas, the implementation of major infrastructure, should require a legal and administrative effort in which the physical and geological space emerges as key component in defining the strategic planning space. Chã das Caldeiras is an area of high volcanic risk and acute vulnerability. According to the previous volcanic eruptions, this area has the following elements of volcanic risk: the reopening of eruptive vents, tephra fall, lava flows, toxic gases, seismicity and mass movements on slopes (rockfalls, debris flow etc.). The soil and climate conditions make the Chã das Caldeiras one of the most attractive and important areas of Fogo island, from agriculture, cattle breading, and lately tourism. These conditions have led to a considerable population growth in recent years. Awareness should be built on the high volcanic risk and vulnerability, given the recurrence of historical eruptions in this part of the island. It is necessary to review land use planning and implementation of preventive measures, especially in areas of greater susceptibility of being affected by the different volcanic risk elements. This will increase capacity to prevent instability process as well as sustainability of natural resources to better fit the Environmental Plans, Municipal Plans and Emergency Plans (Civil Protection).

The geochemistry of the fumarole gases from Pico do Fogo volcano, Cape Verde MELIÁN, Gladys1; FERNANDES, Paulo2; PADILLA, Germán 1; CALVO, David1; PADRÓN, Eleazar1; DIONIS, Samara 1; BARRANCOS, José1; NOLASCO, Dácil1; RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima 1; HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1; GONÇALVES, António2; NASCIMENTO, Judite3; BARBOSA, Alberto4 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1

1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Fogo is a volcanic island of the Cape Verde archipelago and host at its center the active stratovolcano Pico do Fogo (2829 m.a.s.l.), with its most recent eruption occurring in 1995. At present, fumarolic activity oc-

ABSTRACTS

curs at the northeast sector of the summit crater of Pico do Fogo. We report herein the geochemical data of the Pico do Fogo’s fumarole discharges since 2007 thanks to a collaborative research project between LEC-UNICV-SPNC (Cape Verde) and ITER (Canary Islands, Spain) co-financed by the SpanishAID Agency (AECID). Regular sampling and analysis of fumarole gases from the fumarole F1 has been performed in a yearly basis to monitor the chemical and isotopic composition of this volcanic hydrothermal discharge. In 2008, fumarole gas sampling was also performed in the fumarole F2. During the period of study, the outlet temperature in F1 has ranged between 69 to 115ºC, whereas the F2 one has been almost constant, ~ 300ºC. Fumarole gases have been collected into pre-evacuated 120 mL glass flasks filled with 50 mL of a 5N NaOH. During sampling, acidic gases (CO2, SO2, H2S and HCl) dissolve into the alkaline solution, water vapour condenses, and non-condensable gases are concentrated in the head-space of the sampling flask. Chemical analyses showed that the main gas component measured in the dry gas phase was CO2, with 972,980 mmol/mol, followed by N2 (16,71040,038 mmol/mol), and St (8,586-30,310 mmol/mol). O2 concentrations are relevant (up to 6,792 mmol/mol), as commonly observed in fumaroles characterized by a weak flow discharge, being affected by significant air contamination. CH4, He, HCl and CO showed relatively low concentrations (up to 0.77, 46, 177 and 37.3 mmol/mol, respectively). Results indicate that volcanic gases discharged from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo volcano have an important hydrothermal component. Gas geothermometry and geobarometry, based on chemical reactions related to both organic and inorganic gas species, indicate equilibrium temperatures between 280 to 390ºC using the CH4/CO2-CO/ CO2 geothermometer and between 110 to 310ºC using the H2/H2O-CO/CO2 geothermometer (Fig. 1) while the estimated pressure of the system is between 60 to 120 bar using the estimated temperature by the H2/ H2O-CO/CO2 geothermometer. Monitoring the chemical composition of volcanic gas discharges from the fumaroles at the summit crater of Pico Fogo volcano will be an important geochemical observation for the volcanic surveillance and will strength the knowledge of the physical-chemical processes occurring at the Pico do Fogo volcanic system.

Figure 1. CH4-CO2, CO-CO2 and H2-H2O, CO-CO2 equilibrium diagrams for Pico do Fogo volcanic gas discharges. Gray symbols: F1; black symbols: F2. Solid triangle: March 4, 2007; solid circle: Jun 6, 2008; solid square: May 10, 2009; and solid diamond: February 21, 2010.

MAKAVOL: a EU contribution for reducing volcanic risk in the Macaronesia PÉREZ, Nemesio M1, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1, IBAÑEZ, Jesús1,2, GONÇALVES, António3, NASCIMENTO, Judite4 and BARBOSA, Alberto5 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

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3. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 5. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

During the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-1999) the scientific and political international community did perform an intense analysis and assessment on the impact of natural disasters that has served to define and recommend the materialization of various actions to reduce the risk of natural hazards including the associated to the volcanic phenomenon. There major actions had been recommended by the IAVCEI and UNESCO to reduce volcanic risk: (1) elaborate volcanic hazards mapping, (2) establish a multidisciplinary approach for volcano monitoring, constantly being updated with technological development, in order to optimize the system for early warning of future eruptions, and (3) develop emergency plans for volcanic risk. Contribute to improving and optimizing the volcanic risk managment in the Canary Islands, Azores and Cape Verde - active volcanic regions of Macaronesia - is the main objective of the project untitled “Strengthening the capacities of R&D to contribute reducing volcanic risk in the Macaronesia (MAC/3/C161)”. The partners of this project (MAKAVOL) led by the Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, ITER (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) are the Laboratório de Engenharia Civil de Cabo Verde (LEC), the Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia of the Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV) and the Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) from Cape Verde. In addition other institutions and organizations such us the Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica of the University of Granada (Spain), the Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, OVGA (Portugal) and the Spanish Volcanological Society (SVE) endorse this project which is co-financed by EU Transnational Cooperation Program MadeiraCanarias-Azores (MAC 2007-2013). The major goal of this project is to improve some of the actions described above and recommended by the IAVCEI and UNESCO as well as to enhance the exchange of experiences on volcanic risk management in island environments. To accomplish this major goal several specific objectives has been outlined for the MAKAVOL project: (i) upgrading the LEC’s seismic monitoring network for the volcanic surveillance in Cape Verde, (ii) strengthening the capacities for a portable seismic monitoring network for the volcanic surveillance in Canary Islands, (iii) improving the knowledge of CO2 emission from volcanic lakes in the Azores in collaboration with the Universidade dos Açores and the Observatório Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Açores, (iv) performing a SWOT analysis on the three major actions for reducing volcanic risk in the Azores, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde, (v) organizing international workshops on volcanic risk management in the Cape Verde, Canary Islands and Azores archipelagos to enhance open scientific and technical discussions, (vi) strengthening educational programs on volcanic hazards in the Community School of the Azores, Canary and Cape Verde, (vii) translating to the Portuguese and Creole the IAVCEI and UNESCO videos on “Understanding volcanic hazards” and “Reducing volcanic risk”, and (viii) producing documentaries on the volcanic phenomena in the Azores, Canary and Cape Verde. The MAKAVOL project will follow this continue task of reducing volcanic risk in the Macaronesia which has been previously performed by the ALERTA, VULMAC, ALERTA II and VULMAC II projects co-

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financed by the EU Initiative Programme INTERREG III B Azores-Madeira-Canary Islands.

Helium isotope signatures in terrestrial fluids from Cape Verde PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1 and SUMINO, Hirochika2 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Geochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan [email protected]

Helium isotope ratio (3He/4He) measurements in terrestrial fluids such as natural gases and ground waters in volcanic regions provide some of the most basic geochemical information on magmatic activity. There are 2 naturally occurring isotopes of helium. 3 He is much less abundant than 4He, and the atmosphere 3He/4He ratio (Ra) is 1.39 x10-6 (Mamyrin et al. 1970). By far the most important terrestrial source of 3He is degassing from the Earth’s interior and the presence of this 3He in mantle-derived materials has important implications. The highest 3He/4He ratios are found at ocean islands such as Hawaii and Iceland, where they extend to values above 30 Ra. Other observed high 3He/4He sites include Galápagos, Samoa, Réunion, Easter, Juan Fernandez, Yellowstone and the Ethiopian Rift. The presence of such high 3He/4He ratios at these sites of extensive volcanism is consistent with the existence of mantle plumes or thermal upwellings from regions deep in the Earth. Significant spatial variations in 3He/4He ratios have been observed at ocean islands and this geographical variations may be related to distance from the center of the mantle upwelling beneath volcanic archipelagos, or to the stage of the volcano’s evolution (e.g., seamount, shield or post-erosional). This variability in 3He/4He ratios can often be accounted due to mixing between plume-derived material and material derived from the upper mantle or isotopic heterogeneity within the plume itself (Graham, 2002). During the last 20 years several investigations on helium isotopes had been carried out in lavas and terrestrial fluids from Azores, Canary Islands and Cape Verde. This study shows new results on 3He/4He ratios from terrestrial fluids in Cape Verde. The observed 3He/4He ratios in terrestrial fluids from the Azores range from lower-than-MORB values (5.23–6.07 Ra) on the central part of Sao Miguel island, to MORB values on Faial (8.53 Ra) and Flores (8.04 Ra) – located on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – and to plume-type values on Graciosa (11.2 Ra) and Terceira (13.5 Ra) islands. This helium-3 emission spatial distribution suggest that the plume activity is presently affecting the central part of the Azores archipelago (Jean-Baptiste et al, 2009). In the case of the Canary Islands the observed 3He/4He ratios in terrestrial fluids range from typical air values to 9,7 Ra (Pérez et al., 1994; 1996), and the helium-3 emission spatial distribution shows clearly an increasing trend from east to west in the Canaries indicating that the plume-head is currently affecting the western part of the archipelago. This 3 He/4He geographical distribution show an excellent agreement with the age trend of the oldest subaerial volcanic rocks in the Canaries. In the case of the terrestrial fluids, gases and ground waters, from Cape Verde the observed 3He/4He ratios range from 2,6 to 8,5 Ra (Heilweil et al., 2009; this study). The observed 3He/4He ratios in free gases in Cape Verde are higher than those dissolved its ground waters,

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and this difference is likely due to radiogenic helium inputs to aquifers during water–rock interactions. The 3He/4He geographical distribution in Cape Verde indicates that the Sotavento Islands of Brava and Fogo show higher 3He/4He ratios (5,3 – 8,5 Ra) than those observed at the Barlovento Islands of Santo Antão and São Nicolau (2,6 – 3,3 Ra). The highest observed 3He/4He ratios were found at the fumarolic degassing at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo Volcano. This spatial distribution is in good agreement with the stage of the volcanic activity in Cape Verde.

Jean-Baptiste J. , Allard P., Coutinho R., Ferreira T., Fourré E., Queiroz G. and Gaspar J.L. (2009). Helium isotopes in hydrothermal volcanic fluids of the Azores archipelago. Earth & Planetary Sci. Lett., 281, 70-80. Christensen BP, Holm PM, Jambon A, Wilson JR (2001) Helium, argon and lead isotopic composition of volcanics from Santo Antão and Fogo, Cape Verde Islands. Chem Geol 178,127-142. Graham, D. W. (2002) Noble gas isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts; characterization of mantle source reservoirs. In: Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, eds. D. Porcelli, R. Wieler and C. Ballentine. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineral. Soc. Amer., Washington, D.C., pp. 247-318. Heilweil V. M., Kip Solomon D., Gingerich S. B. and Verstraeten I. M. (2009). Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa. Hydrogeology Journal, 17, 1157-1174. Mamyrin BA, Anufriev GS, Kamenskii IL, Tolstikhin IN (1970) Determination of the isotopic composition of atmospheric helium. Geochem Int., 7, 498-505. Perez NM, Nakai S, Wakita H, Sano Y, Williams SN (1994) 3 He/4He isotopic ratios in volcanic-hydrothermaldischarges from the Canary Islands, Spain: implications on the origin of the volcanic activity. Mineral. Mag., 58, 709-710. Perez N. M, Nakai S., Wakiti H., Hernandez P. A., Salazar J. M. (1996). Helium-3 emission in and around Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Geophys Res Lett., 23, 3531– 3534.

TELEPLANETA: a Spanish National Public Television (TVE) and ITER join adventure for reducing volcanic risk CALVO, David1, PÉREZ, Nemesio1, DIONIS, Samara1; GONZALEZ, José Carlos2; MARRERO, Nieves2, and CALLAU, Juan Luis2. 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Spain 2. Spanish National Public Television in the Canary Islands, TVE, Tenerife, Spain [email protected]

ABSTRACTS

One of the main and toughest goals for a geoscientist is to have a properly communication with the society when the time comes for showing results, scientific advances or whatever kind of remarkable event. The complexity of the scientific terminology, and the existence of a few communication channels, often prevents lay people to know about how the advance of science is occurring or how new discoveries are helping us to have a better understanding about the Planet Earth. Almost 75% of the Earth population lives in areas that had been hit, at least once in the last 20 years, by earthquakes, severe storms, flooding or droughts. TELEPLANETA is a joint effort of the Spanish National Public Television in the Canary Islands (TVE-Canarias) and the Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER) for raising public awareness of the impact of these natural hazards in the society, with an understandable language away from too much technical terms but basically avoiding the gruesome side of this kind of events. TELEPLANETA tries to give a scientific explanation of why these hazards occur, focusing on the visual communication with the viewers. Broadcasted on a weekly basis since October 2009, the program has gained public attention, and right now has triplicate its length to almost 15 minutes, what helps us to improve the general contents. Right now we are not only broadcasting the weekly news, but also offering an educative, comprehensive explanation of the nature of natural hazards, from different topics ranging from earthquakes to ice crystals, putting special emphasis about volcanic hazards and also remembering remarkable events related to nature, like natural disasters or commemorating days, everything accompanied by experts statements about those topics. This weekly TV program is broadcasted through the worldwide coverage news channel - 24 Hours Channel – of the Spanish National Public TV (TVE) and can also be found at Youtube.

Thermal monitoring of Pico do Fogo volcano, Cape Verde CALVO, David1, FERNANDES, Paulo2, ANDRADE, Mário2, FONSECA, José2, MELIÁN, Gladys1, RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima1, BARROS, Inocêncio2, NOLASCO, Dácil1, PADILLA, Germán1, PADRÓN, Eleazar1, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.1, BANDOMO, Zuleyka2, VICTÓRIA, Sónia3, RODRIGUES, Jair4, GONÇALVES, António2, NASCIMENTO, Judite3, BARBOSA, Alberto4 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.1 1. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 3. Departamento Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, UNICV, Praia, Cape Verde 4. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil, SNPC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

Pico do Fogo volcano is the youngest and most active volcano of the Cape Verde archipelago and is located to the east of the Bordeira semicircular escarpment, at Fogo Island, Cape Verde. Pico do Fogo rises over 2800 m above sea level and is capped by a 500-mwide, 150-m-deep summit crater. The last eruption took place in 1995 at the western flank of the volcano. Since 2007, a LEC-UNICV-SNPC (Cape Verde) and ITER (Canary Islands, Spain) collaborative research program established a simple geochemical and geophysical monitoring which involves CO2 and H2S efflux measurements and a variety of thermal measurements and observations designed to detect changes at the

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summit crater of Pico do Fogo that could reflect increasing pressure and stresses caused by volcanic activity. The thermal monitoring includes the use of an IR camera to obtain thermal imaging in a yearly basis as well as a monthly surface temperature survey with tens of measurements allowing us to elaborate surface temperature mapping and estimate heat flow output. For thermal imaging a FLIR IR camera it is being used for monitoring surface temperature anomalies in the northern sector of the summit crater. During these years, no significant variations have been detected, both in extension and temperature values, ranging from ambient temperature up to 170ºC in the fumarolic field. Tens of surface temperature measurements are performed monthly at 40 cm. depth, and the results of these thermal measurements and observations showed variations on the average surface temperature survey values ranging from 32,1 to 77,6 ºC. Relatively high average survey values had been observed during the 2010 with respect to previous surveys. Estimates of heat flow from the summit crater of the Pico de Fogo were obtained by applying the technique described by Dawson (1964), which allows to estimate the heat flux at each observation site, and the statistical Gaussian simulation. Estimated heat flow values from surface temperature measurements at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo showed a range from 1,8 ± 0,3 to 9,8 ± 1,0 MW. This simple monthly thermal monitoring is complementing the geochemical monitoring program, both established thanks to the SpanishAID Agency (AECID), and will be tremendously beneficial for the volcano surveillance of Pico do Fogo volcano. References: Dawson, G.B., 1964. The nature and assessment of heat flow from hydrothermal areas. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 7, 155–171.

Geomorphosites, Volcanism and Geotourism: the Example of Cinder Cones of Canary Islands (Spain) DÓNIZ-PÁEZ, J.1; GUILLÉN-MARTÍN, C.2 and KERESZTURI, G.3,4, 5 1. Escuela de Turismo Iriarte, Universidad de La Laguna, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. 2. Cabildo de Tenerife, Güímar, Tenerife, Spain 3. Volcanic Risk Solutions, CS-INR, Massey University, PO Box 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4. Geological Institute of Hungary, Stefánia út 14, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary 5Department of Geology and Mineral Deposits, University of Miskolc, Hungary [email protected]

Aim: the aim of this paper is to illustrate the volcanic geomorphologic heritage of three monogenetic volcanoes based on the geomorphological and geomorphosite maps and their natural, cultural and use values. Location: The Canarian Archipelago (Spain) consists of seven islands located in the Atlantic Ocean. The studied monogenetic volcanoes are the followings: Pico Partido, (Lanzarote), Orchilla, (El Hierro), and Fasnia cinder cones (Tenerife). Methodology: is based on field observations, topographical and geological maps and interpretation of aerial photos. Results: these multiple volcanoes were generated by various eruptions including Hawaiian and Strombolian explosion, which makes these cones rich in volcanic forms such as cones, craters, volcanic tubes, channels of lava, hornitos, spatter, lava fields (pahoehoe, aa, blocks and balls), lava lakes, pyroclastic deposits (bombs, escoriaceous, lapilli and ash), etc. The rich variety of volcanic forms constitutes the geomorphologi-

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cal heritage of these cinder cones. In the study area different geomorphosites with an intrinsic or scientific high value are recognized, but also with cultural and economic value. The scientific value focuses on the volcanic geomorphology, consequently for this reason the cinder cones lay natural protected areas. Main conclusions: volcanism can play an important role in human communities. The volcanic forms constitute a component of the cultural heritage of a territory (historical monuments, works of art, spiritual places, etc.). In the cases of cinder cones studied important value for the local population can be recognized, because the Fasnia and Pico Partido are historical eruptions dating from the 1705 and 1730-1736 eruptions. These volcanoes modified the previous natural and rural landscapes and the villages. On the Orchilla lava flows the meridian zero was located, for this reason the volcanic landscape was the most Occidental of Europe. In the volcanic regions people visit volcanoes for a variety of reasons, for example the fascination of being close to the power of nature. The major economic benefit of the monogenetic volcanoes is tourism, especially the geotourims. The geotourists that visit the natural protected areas should practise a sustainable and responsible tourism, and use geo-hiking maps. This kind of maps will only emphasise on the landscape elements that the tourist can recognise and observe. Key words: Volcanic geomorphologic, geoheritage, geotourism, geomorphosite, geomorphological map, geohiking maps, cinder cones.

Proposal of a Volcanic Geomorphosites Itineraries on Las Cañadas del Teide National Park (Tenerife, Spain) GUILLÉN-MARTÍN, C.1, DÓNIZ-PÁEZ, J.2, BECERRARAMÍREZ, R.3 and KERESZTURI, G.4 1. Cabildo de Tenerife, Gümiar, Tenerife, Spain 2. Escuela de Turismo Iriarte, Universidad de La Laguna, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain 3. Dpto. Geografía O.Territorio. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain 4. Volcanic Risk Solutions, CS-INR, Massey University, PO Box 11 222, Palmerston. North, New Zeland [email protected]

Sun and beach tourism is the most relevant economic sector in the Canary Islands (Spain). Hiking tourism, which combines other activities with the appreciation of volcanic landcapes, is today one of the main economic activities of sustainable tourism in several Canarian enclaves. Tenerife is the largest island of the Canarian Archipelago and is characterised by a complex volcanic history. The construction of a basaltic shield and a phonolitic composite volcano represent the main features in the volcanic evolution of the island. Both volcanic complexes are still active, the first through two main rift zones and the second through the Teide-Pico Viejo central complex. The island of Tenerife is dominated by Las Cañadas del Teide National Park (LCTNP). This area is a volcanic paradise rich in spectacular forms: stratovolcanoes, calderas, cinder cones, craters, pahoehoe, aa, block and balls lavas, etc. The LCTNP receives more than 2,8 million tourists per year (2008) and it has 21 main pahts and 14 secondary ones. The aim of this paper is to propose a different geomorphosite itinerary in the LCTNP, using for it the main net of pahts. These itineraries are based on geomorphological and geomorphosite resources. The methodology relies on different aspects such as bibliographical research, aerial photos, topographical and geological maps and field sur-

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vey. The geomorphological characters of LCTNP were obtained out of the project Volcanic Seismicity at Teide Volcano: recent volcanism (CGL2004-05744-CO4-02) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. The geomorphosite landforms are obtanined from geomorphological maps with a triple evaluation (scientific, cultural, socioeconomic and scenic values). Three itineraries that represent the geodiversity and singularity of the national park are attempted. The first itinerary is developed on the path of Siete Cañadas (16,6 kms. and low difficulty). The main landforms and geomorphosites are the wall of Las Cañadas caldera, talusees, foodplains, cinder cones and lava fields. The second route is developed on the path of Teide-Pico Viejo-Carretera Tfe 38 (9,3 kms. and extreme difficulty). The geomorphological elements and geosites are stratovolcanoes, Pico Viejo crater, historical eruptions, volcanic domes and pyroclastic and lava fields. The third itinerary is developed on the Volcán Fasnia (7,2 and low difficulty). The main volcanic forms and geomorphosites are the basaltic monogenetic volcanic field and historic eruptions.

TDL measurements of CO2 and H2S in the ambient air of the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde VOGEL, Andreas1; FISCHER, Christian1; POHL, Tobias1; WEBER, Konradin1; MELIÁN, Gladys2; PÉREZ, Nemesio2; BARROS, Inocêncio3; DIONIS, Samara2 and BARRANCOS, José2

ABSTRACTS

ment are shown. For the measurement a TDL profile of 45 m was set up at the main fumarole field of the summit crater. Over a period of six hours an average concentration of CO2 (1290.8 ppm without the local background) and H2S concentration (7.85 ppm) are ascertained. During the measurement the weather conditions were sunny and the main wind speed in the crater was very low (~ 1.3 m/s).The laboratory of the University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf performed together with ITER and LEC measurements of CO2 and H2S degassing from the summit crater of the Pico do Fogo volcano in Jun 2009. An optical path of 45 m long was set up in and around the main fumarole field at the summit crater. Over a period of six hours an average concentration of CO2 (1290,8 ppm minus the local CO2 background) and H2S concentration (7,8 ppm) were observed. During the gas measurement field work the weather conditions were sunny and the wind speed inside the summit crater was very low (~1.3 m/s). These TDL measurements allow us to calculate the CO2/H2S molar ratio (Fig. 1) in the ambient air of the summit crater (164) which is similar to the calculated CO2/H2S molar ratio in 2007 (237) by means of IR and electrochemical sensors. Taking into consideration that most of the CO2 emission rate from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo occurs in a diffuse form and the estimated CO2 emission was 147 ± 35 t·d-1, it could be estimated that the H2S emission from the summit crater of Pico do Fogo was ~ 1,3 t·d-1

1. Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, University of Applied Sciences, Dusseldorf, Germany 2. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 3. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

In this abstract the elementary principle and applications of Tunable Diode Laser (TDL) measurement system and basic results of the detection of CO2 and H2S emitted at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo volcano are shown. Volcanic eruptive activity is primary driven by degassing of magmatic material. This argument is the major support to investigate volcanic degassing before, during and long time after volcanic eruptions. This volcano degassing can be measured in many cases with classical measurement techniques at a specific point or site of the volcano area of interest, but in the case of poor accessibility to reach the measurement site the open path gas measurement technique is the only one available to detect and measure these type of degassing. In addition, the open path gas measurement could be more representative than gas measurements at a specific point or site. The TDL systems working in the near IR can be used for the detection and measurement of volcanic gases due to their optical absorption. The operation wave length for CO2 is 1577.3 nm and for H2S is 1577.18 nm. TDL measurements have the advantage that volcanic gases can be detected along a measurement path from ~10 m up to 1000 m without implying grab sampling. Further advantages of the TDL systems are high sensitivity, high specificity with negligible interference to other gas species, fast measurement response ~ 1s, portable measurement system, and low power consumption. The laboratory of the University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf performed together with ITER and the University of Granada measurements of defused degassing of CO2 and H2S on the summit crater of the Pico do Fogo volcano at a campaign in May 2009. In the following exemplary results of the measure-

Figure 1. Ratio between CO2 and H2S at a six hour measurement setup on the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, May 10th 2009 measured with Tunable Diode Laser

Chinyero, 100 Years of Silence: A Scientific-Historical Film Document for Education and Outreach on Volcanism in the Canary Islands NEGRÍN, Sergio Centrífuga Producciones S.L.U., Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain [email protected]

Antonio de Ponte y Cólogan was a historical chronicler and an exceptional witness of the last volcanic eruption occurred in Tenerife, Chinyero 1909. His description of this important eruption, entitle “Historical memory describing the Chinyero eruption occurred on November 18, 1909”, is an ideal opportunity to make a Scientific-Historical Film Document about this natural event. Chinyero volcano eruption does not stand out not for the duration of the eruptive process (only 9 days) or by violence and devastation caused by the lava flows. However, there are many other remarkable

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aspects that become Chinyero volcano in a well remembered volcanic eruption in the Canary Islands, the rest of Spain, and in many other countries in Europe and America. Chinyero volcano eruption was, at that time, one of the best studied historical eruptions by those who witnessed this volcanic event, due to their scientific knowledge. During the nine days Antonio de Ponte y Cólogan reported the progress of the eruption, took samples, made geomorphological descriptions of lava flows, drew maps with extraordinary precision and took daily pictures of the eruption. In addition, he used carrier pigeons as a curious communication system, to send information to the authorities that managed the crisis without leaving his privileged position. That information was disseminated with enormous impact through the media of Canary Islands, the rest of Spain and Europe, allowing the world to know what was happening in the Canary Islands in 1909. The scientific-historical film document “Chinyero, 100 years of silence” honors the scientific work of this enthusiastic disseminator of volcanoes, Antonio de Ponte y Cólogan, which was witnessed, 100 years ago, the force of nature. “Chinyero, 100 years of silence” seeks to recall the past with an eye to recent history of volcanism on Tenerife and the doubt whether we are really prepared to deal with another volcanic crisis in the future.

Fogo’s Natural Park: Present and Future RODRIGUES, Alexandre

Parque Natural do Fogo, Direcção Geral do Ambiente, Ilha do Fogo, Cape Verde [email protected]

The existence of an active volcano in the park poses to all a feeling of uncertainty. In the 1995’s eruption approximately 26% of agricultural land in Chã gave way little by little, the mantles of lava that destroyed everything that was on its way. This destruction of natural land, forces people to seek new areas for agricultural practices pressing the established habitats, the endemic species that exist as well as a geological diversity with great recreational and scientific interest. The geological diversity has great potential for the development of geoscientific scripts, which can enlarge the paleontological knowledge, with the priority given to the interaction among the scientific community, the government and the population.So it’s the responsibility of the park to develop educational, social and scientific projects in order for the people to understand the importance of conservation and what is being studied and preserved and why. In this way, we are encouraging eco-tourism, leading to the involvement of local people through economic activities that are not exploratory as well as to facilitate its use for studies of the schools by enabling multidisciplinary approaches. We believe that we will achieve these objectives by the creations of “geosítios” inside the Natural Park. With these “geosítios” is intended primarily to protect, educate and enhance the geological value of the Park, is expected also to recognize the importance of research and protection of the natural and cultural aspects of development as the park and the adjacent localities. In order for this to happen we have to bet on a number of drivers such as the certification of the communities products, the accommodation with all the genuine hospitality of the region, improving quality in tourism linked to nature and cultural heritage and ethnographic display mode of traditional products, rehabilitation and strengthening of traditions, recovery, signs and interpretation of a unique geological heritage in Cape Verde.

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Auditing the Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain TRUJILLO, Alejandro1, REÑASCO, José1, PADRÓN, Nestor2, SACRAMENTO, Segundo3, SERRA LLOPART, Jorge4*, HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro A.5, and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.5 1. Área de Movilidad y Seguridad, Cabildo de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain 2. Protección Civil, Cabildo de El Hierro, El Hierro, Spain 3. Colaborador Radioaficionado de la Red Radio de Emergencia de Protección Civil (REMER), Spain 4. Unidad Militar de Emergencias (UME), Madrid, Spain 5. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Spain [email protected]

During the International Symposium CHINYERO 2009, which was held at Puerto de la Cruz on November 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the last eruption at Tenerife (Chinyero eruption, 1909), a working group was established for auditing the actual Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain which was approved by the National Government in 1996. A SWOT analysis was the applied auditing method. The major observed weakness of this Basic Guideline were (i) it is not updated since 1996, (ii) it does not specify deadlines for the preparation of National Plan and the Special Plan of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community for volcanic risk management, (iii) describes the existence of two emergency plans (National and Autonomic) for volcanic risk management in the Canaries enhancing confusion and promoting duplicated public efforts and resources, (iv) lays down procedures for informing and warning the population only in times of volcanic crisis, and (v) shows a lack of an accurate and complete rules on the functions of committees and systems established by the Basic Guideline. On the contrary, the major observed strengths were (1) defines and delimits undoubtedly the application in the Canary Islands, (2) reinforces the requirement to elaborate National Plan and the Special Plan of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community for volcanic risk management in the Canary Islands, and (3) establishes the minimum content of both emergency plans. Among the external factors, the major observed threats are (a) a significant delay in the preparation of the emergency plans, (b) the potential for different interpretations as a result of the Basic Guideline ambiguities, (c) an uncoordinated management in relation to the description in paragraph 3.3.3 of the Basic Guideline, (d) an absence or lack of collaboration between different volcanic surveillance programs, (e) a lack of interest and apathy of the administration to update the Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain, and (f) a poor information and training program on volcanic risk management for the Canary Islands society. On the contrary, the major observed opportunities were (I) the unanimous statements of the Spanish Congress and Senate, the Canary Islands’ Parliament, FECAM and other institutions on the urgent implementation of the Canarian Volcanological Institute, (II) the recent creation of the Militar Emergency Unit, UME, (III) the fact that Canary Islands is a tourist region per excellence, (IV) the existence of a society that requires and demands security, (V) the educational program “Canary Islands: a volcanic window in the Atlantic” which visit yearly the 88 municipalities of the Canaries, and (VI) the existence of an educational guide on volcanic risk for the scholar community. After crossing these internal and external factors a major and simple strategy is urgently needed, a strong revision of the Basic Guideline for Civil Protection Planning to Volcanic Risk in Spain. * The results achieved by this document come from the per-

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sonal opinion of the co-author (Jorge Serra Llopart) and cannot, in any case, express the official statement of the Emergency Military Unit with regards to this subject.

Volcanoes & stars: an emotional experience for tourism at Teide National Park, Tenerife, Canary Islands LEDESMA, Juan Vicente. Ecoturismo y educación ambiental, TeideAstro, Tenerife, Spain [email protected]

In recent decades tourism has become a major business. Tourist activity affects, in one way or another, hundreds of millions of people, and is part of the quality of life for many people in many different countries. Its good “health” is one of the indications of the economy overall. Noting the trends in recent years along with continued growth in visitors to the National Park, as well as overcrowding and other intervening factors such as the various seasons and weather conditions (snow for example), visitor awareness to avoid “the masses” of visitors, is why as tourism professionals we are obligated to seek other alternatives that will achieve a better approach in environmental education. As a result, in the summer of 1997 the idea of a new route to the volcanoes in the National Park evolved. In the beginning it was only mildly accepted (there were only 795 visitors who opted for it at the time) but, gradually grew during the following years. The year 2009 (with about 25,000 visitors) became a reference point for some of the tour operators entering the program, as well as specialized firms in the sector, and even some sections of governments (municipalities, etc.). TeideAstro objectives: (i) A more direct approach to the environment outside the overcrowded noontime activities, (ii) Perform field work about the volcano and the Parks nature in whole, (iii) Discover the differences in climate and landscape during the afternoon and evening, (iv) Explain the unique characteristics of the Canary Skies and their global importance with classes on astronomy and ethno-astronomy, (v) Stay longer than five (5) hours at the Park, being the only one who do this in Tenerife, and emphasizing the importance to the natural environment.

Web page Actualidad Volcánica de Canarias (AVCAN.ORG): Volcanoes, to everyone TAPIA, Víctor and RAJA, Fernando Asociación Volcanológica de Canarias (AVCAN), Canarias, España [email protected]

The seismic volcanic crisis experienced in 2004 in Tenerife, stirred the interest of part of the population about the volcanic phenomenon. However, one of the weaknesses was that the available information was not sufficient and that it was scattered. Even different broadcasts were in conflict with each other. This caused mistrust and unnecessary alarm. It’s been six years since the crisis and this situation has not improved, as the information is still limited and/or difficult to access for the general public. AVCAN.ORG is a portal web of the Internet which intends to help to minimize this deficiency by acting as a link between scientists and citizens. Emerging from this trend is the idea of stimulating the knowledge and study of the volcanic phenomenon in the Canary Islands, promoting in a responsible manner, the knowledge gained to the benefit of the population. AVCAN.ORG has been developed with the intention of focusing all the available public information with regard to the volcanic phenomenon in one place. In this way any person interested will be able to access

ABSTRACTS

to this information in a simple manner. AVCAN.ORG also has the facility for consultation of data ‘à la carte’, expressed either numerically or graphically as well as providing real time maps. That is why we believe that it could be as useful for amateurs as it is for students and professionals who work or research in the Canary Islands Volcanology field. One fundamental premise of its founders is the reliability of the contents, ensuring only the official information or that signed by experts is published and put together with its source. AVCAN. ORG is a portal designed for its continuous evolution, easy for updates with any new information, as there are always new ideas in process.

IBEROAMERICAN Volcanological Network: A New Challenge for Reducing Volcanic Risk in the Iberoamerican Community BRETON, Mauricio1, CASELLI, Alberto2, COELLO BRAVO, Juan Jesús3, FORJAZ, Victor4, GONÇALVES António A.5, GONZALEZ, Elena6, IBAÑEZ, Jesús7, MIRANDA, Ramón8, MUÑOZ, Angélica9, ORDÓÑEZ, Salvador10, PÉREZ, Nemesio M.11 and ROMERO, Carmen12 1. Universidad de Colima, Colima, México 2. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina 3. Fundación Telesforo Bravo-Juan Coello, Tenerife, Spain 4. Observatorio Vulcanológico e Geotérmico dos Azores, OVGA, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal 5. Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, LEC, Praia, Cape Verde 6. Universidad Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain 7. Universidad de Granada, Granda, Spain 8. Ayuntamiento de la Villa y Puerto de Garachico, Tenerife, Spain 9. Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales, INETER, Managua, Nicaragua 10. Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, UIMP, Madrid, Spain 11. Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, ITER, Tenerife, Spain 12. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain [email protected]

The Iberoamerican Volcanological Network is a nonprofit organization which is planning to promote and establish cooperation mechanisms to help reducing volcanic risk in the Iberoamerican community. This new organization was suggested by volcanologists from 13 Iberoamerican countries during a workshop at La Antigua (Guatemala) in February 2008 organized by ITER. The major goal of this 2008 meeting was to bring together experts on volcanology and volcanic risk management from Iberoamerican countries to evaluate the state of the art of reducing volcanic risk programs in Iberoamerica through a SWOT analysis as well as defining strategies to advance and strength the efforts for reducing volcanic risk in Iberoamerica. One of the strategies was to establish a network of Iberoamerican institutions which are willing to joint efforts for reducing volcanic risk in the Iberoamerican community. During the International Symposium of Volcanology Chinyero 2009, held at Puerto de la Cruz (Tenerife, Canary Islands) last November, the Iberoamerican Volcanological Network was established by 12 different institutions, which did act as founding partners, from Argentina, Cape Verde, México, Nicaragua, Portugal and Spain. May become members of this new partnership institutions and organizations (research and technological centers, universities, volcanological observatories, professional societies, geological surveys, national civil protection services, companies, scientific and technical associations, municipalities, NGOs , international cooperation agencies, etc..) from Iberoamerican states meaning by Iberoamerican state which joined the Organization of Iberoamerican States (OEI).

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It may also be members of the Iberoamerican Volcanological Network institutions and organizations from the states which joined the Organization of American States (OAS) and those countries like the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea and Cape Verde have a close cultural and historical relationship with Spain and Portugal, respectively. The main purpose of the Iberoamerican Volcanological Network will be to encourage the exchange of knowledge and experience among the institutions working in the field of volcanology and volcanic risk management in the Iberoamerican community as well as enhance the cooperation as a working method.

Cape Verde Volcano Observatory (OVCV): A New Challenge for Reducing Volcanic Risk at Cape Verde GONÇALVES, António A.1, CARDOSO, João2 and FERNANDES, Alberto C. B.3 1. Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil (LEC), Praia, Cape Verde 2. Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV), Praia, Cape Verde 3. Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC), Praia, Cape Verde [email protected]

The Cape Verde Volcano Observtory (OVCV) is becoming a reality and a new challenge of our society for improving its effort on volcanic risk mitigation at Cape Verde. The Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil (LEC) is the actual organization in-charge of volcano monitoring in Cape Verde, but the recommended actions for reducing volcanic risk not only imply volcanic surveillance work but also mapping volcanic hazards and volcanic emergency plans. Therefore this new joint effort from the Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil (LEC), the Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV) and the Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) to establish the OVCV is a great and marvellous national challenge for reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde. This OVCV has already received the congratulations from several geoscientists as well as becoming a member of the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO). This join effort is open to other national institutions which are willing to be part of this national challenge for reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde. The OVCV’s volcanic surveillance program includes a permanent instrumental network (VIGIL project) for monitoring seismicity which was donated by the PortugueseAID Agency due to increased awareness of volcanic harzard in Fogo Island following the 1995 eruption. Discrete volcano monitoring observations has been recently established thanks to the SpanishAID Agency (AECID) to provide a multidisciplinary approach for the volcanic surveillance in Cape Verde. These regular observations imply geophysical, geochemical, and geodetic measurements. The SNPC is in-charge for the communication of the volcanic alerts in Cape Verde after being provided by the OVCV. The volcanic alert system consists of a three colour alert levels: Green, Yellow and Red. Recently a volcanic alert system panel for the population donated by the AECID has been installed at Cha das Caldeiras. Several projects and proposals will enhance the OVCV future work.

Canary Islands: A Volcanic Window in the Atlantic Ocean RODRÍGUEZ, Fátima, CALVO, David, MARRERO, Rayco, PÉREZ, Nemesio, PADRÓN, Eleazar, PADILLA, Germán, MELIÁN, Gladys, BARRANCOS, José, NOLASCO, Dácil and HERNÁNDEZ, Pedro Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Spain [email protected]

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ABSTRACTS

One of the most important problems of living in a volcanic area without a frequent eruptive activity is to evaluate the knowledge and perception of volcanic hazards and/or volcanic risks by the population living close to the volcano. Canary Islands are a perfect example of this type of volcanic areas. For this reason, ITER Volcano Group decided to evaluate the level of perception by the inhabitants of the Canaries and to provide an educational and formation channel for the population to learn about volcanic hazards and volcanic risk issues, and also about the Canary Islands volcanic risk phenomena. This program called “Canary Islands: A Volcanic Window in the Atlantic Ocean”, started in 2008, by running a three days (three didactic units) educational program at each of the 88 canary municipalities plus the populated islet of La Graciosa.. The first two days, the edited and commercial UNESCO-IAVCEI Educational Video Programs, “Understanding Volcanic Hazards” and “Reducing Volcanic risk” are shown to the audience, respectively. On the third day, a specific PowerPoint slideshow about the volcanic phenomena and volcanic risk management in the Canary Islands is also shown. Developing this educative programme for the third year in a row, up to 7500 persons have attended the program, improving their knowledge on these topics. Along these three years, new activities have been added to this program, including a volcanic trivia to be filled by the audience before and after every didactic unit, in an attempt to calibrate not only the knowledge of the assistants but also the level of comprehension once the didactical units are finished. With this innovative tool we have been able to carry out a quality control of our own teaching capacities.

Spanish Agency of International Cooperation and Development (AECID) for reducing volcanic risk in Cape Verde PUYOLES, Jaime1 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.2 1. AECID - Technical Cooperation Office in Cape Verde, Praia, Cape Verde 2. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain [email protected]

The increased vulnerability to global scale and changes in the international arena have raised substantially humanitarian action as an instrument of development cooperation. The fundamental principle of humanitarian action is to prevent and alleviate the suffering of victims of disasters of any type, basic needs, to restore their rights and ensure their protection under the principles of impartiality, neutrality and non-discrimination. The AEClD is firmly committed to the concept of humanitarian action much broader than the relief or assistance, and it includes obvious phases of humanitarian action (preparation, mitigation and prevention), emergency care, as well as the later stages of rehabilitation and reconstruction. Cape Verde is an active volcanic archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa, and a priority country for the AECID’s Master Plan which establishes the Spanish Cooperation priorities. Holocen volcanism in Cape Verde is present at the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente, Brava and Fogo (Simkin and Siebert, 1994). Historical volcanism at Cape Verde has been only present at Fogo Island where at least 27 historical eruptions had been registered, and the last eruption (April 1995) after 43 years of dormancy occurred. Because of this 1995 eruption, residents were evacuated from Chã das Caldeiras, as their homes were destroyed. Although no historical eruptions have

MAKAVOL 2010 · FOGO WORKSHOP

occurred on Brava, the island is seismically active and recent data suggest that seismic activity originates offshore and is likely related to submarine volcanic activity around Brava. Therefore, several volcanic hazard types such as volcanic earthquakes, lava flows, pyroclastic fall material, volcanic gases, etc. are present and represent a clear threat to sustainable development in Cape Verde. One of the three major actions recommended by the international scientific and political community through the IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior) & UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) to reduce volcanic risk in active volcanic regions is to establish a multidisplinary approach for the volcano monitoring which could pay attention to changes in seismicity, deformation, and volcanic gas composition and emission rates. The goal of this multidisciplinary volcano monitoring program is to detect early warning signatures related to potential and future volcanic eruptions and provide the right volcanic alerts to Civil Protection. For the volcanological community is widely accepted that volcanic gases are the driving force of volcanic eruptions, and changes in the volcanic gas composition and emission rates will be one of the first early warning signatures of volcanic unrest. Following this rationale and taking into consideration that the volcano surveillance in Cape Verde did not include a volcanic gas monitoring program, the AECID co-financed the implementation of a project to start paying attention on volcanic gas emission rates, mainly CO2 and H2S, to provide a multidisciplinary approach for the volcanic surveillance to date no present. This project was lead by ITER (Canary Islands, Spain) in collaboration with the Laboratório de Engenharia Civil (LEC), Universidade de Cabo Verde (Uni-CV), and Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC) of Cape Verde. The success of this project is actually helping to reduce or mitigate volcanic risk in Cape Verde demonstrating the importance of the commitment that the Spanish Cooperation has made for the improvement and optimization of volcano surveillance in Cape Verde.

World Organization of Volcano Cities (WOVOCI) MELCHIOR, Ricardo1 and PÉREZ, Nemesio M.2

1. Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain [email protected]

Volcano risk management has always posed a challenge for the populations living in the shadow of active volcanoes. For long time, volcano scientists, emergency planners and authorities have made big efforts to establish mechanisms and actions to help for reducing volcanic risk. One of these efforts started with the creation of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) in 1927. This association represents the primary

ABSTRACTS

international focus for: (1) research in volcanology, (2) efforts to mitigate volcanic disasters, and (3) research into closely related disciplines. These objectives are principally met through regular IAVCEI scientific meetings and publication of new scientific results driven by their members and the different scientific commissions within the IAVCEI. The Commission of Cities and Volcanoes (CaV), one of the fifteen IAVCEI’s scientific commissions, was created with the aim to provide a linkage between the volcanological scientific community and emergency managers to serve as a conduit for exchange of ideas and experience, and promote multi-disciplinary applied research, involving the collaboration of physical and social scientists and city officials. The International Conference “Cities on Volcanoes (CoV)”, hosted regularly by the Cities and Volcanoes Commission (CaV), is the best framework for this exchange and open discussion on volcanic risk management since 1998. The CoV meetings are planned as an international forum on volcanic risk management. CoV’s scientific and technical sessions are planned to bring together geoscientists working on active volcanoes, authorities, civil protection specialists, city planners, social scientists, economists, psychologists, educators, health specialists, engineers, mass media and general members of communities living in active volcanoes to exchange and understand their experiences and knowledge in order to evaluate and improve prevention/mitigation actions, land-use planning, emergency management, and all required measurements to improve volcanic risk management in densely populated volcanic regions. Despite having held 6 editions of the CoV international conference at Naples & Rome (Italy), Auckland (New Zeland), Hilo (Hawaii, USA), Quito (Ecuador), Shimabara (Japón) and Puerto de la Cruz-Tenerife (Spain) a poor participation of city authorities, beyond those where the conference is held, is still observed. In order to encourage city authorities participation at CoV meetings, as well as other IAVCEI meetings, the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife promoted the creation and implementation of a new association just for municipalities, World Organization of Volcano Cities (WOVOCI), during the last CoV international conference, CoV6-Tenerife 2010. The WOVOCI founded members represented by the majors of the cities of Colima, Mexico; Kagoshima and Shimabara, Japan; Fuencaliente and Puerto de la Cruz; Spain; as well as by the President of the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Spain; signed an agreement document with the commitment do the best to involve most volcano cities all over the world into the WOVOCI. This new association is a marvelous initiative and will be tremendously beneficial to enhance strategies which can help to improve community awareness about volcanic hazards and promote volcano cities transnational cooperation on volcanic risk management with the collaboration of the Commission of Cities and Volcanoes (CaV) of the IAVCEI. The WOVOCI’s main objective is the application of scientific research and knowledge to enhance the civil protection as a public policy.

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PROGRAM

LISTA DE PARTICIPANTES · Participants LIST · LISTA DE Participantes Deanne Bird António Gonçalvez Zuleyka Bandomo Inocêncio Barros José António Fernandes Dias Fonseca Paulo Fernándes Mário Andrade Sónia Silva Victória Jair Rodrigues Alberto Fernandes Judite Nascimento Alexandre Nevsky Rodrigues Ana Maria Hopffer Almada Sílvia Monteiro António Filipe Lobo de Pina Narciso Correia Osvaldino Costa Margarida Conde João Carvalho João Cardoso Alberto da Mota Gomes Patrick Silva Diamantino Andrade Vânia Gonçalves Evanilson dos Santos Ilda Monteiro Fernando Jorge Frederico Rodrigues Sandra Fernandes Neusa Alves Rosilda Dias Jaime Puyoles Raul Mora Andreas Vogel Chiara Cardaci Yoichi Sasai Mauricio Bretón Gilson Correia Zilda França Masatoshi Ohi Vera Alfama João Fonseca Pedro Carvalho Ashour, Mahmod S  Hassan, Khalid Hassan A Nemesio M. Pérez Pedro A. Hernández José Barrancos Eleazar Padrón Germán Padilla Fátima Rodríguez Gladys Melián Samara Dionis David Calvo Juan Vicente Ledesma de Taoro Soledad Muñoz Lozano Javier Dóniz Cayetano Guilén Martín Alejandro Trujillo Fernando Raja Ricardo Melchior Sergio Negrín Sacramento Zebensuí García González Beatriz Chinea Hernández Constanza Bonnadona Simon Day Bob Tarff Alexander Prusevich

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Macquarie University Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Universidade de Cabo Verde Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil Universidade de Cabo Verde Parque Natural de Fogo Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Laboratório de Engenharia Civil Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde Universidade de Cabo Verde AECID- Oficina Técnica de Cooperación Universidad de Costa Rica Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, FB4 Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Tokai University Universidad de Colima Universidade do Porto Universidade dos Açores Acompañante CVARG - Universidade dos Açores Instituto Superior Técnico - Lisboa Serviço Regional de Protecção Civil e Bombeiros dos Açores Saudi Geological Survey Saudi Geological Survey ITER ITER ITER ITER ITER ITER ITER ITER ITER TeideAstro Acompañante Universidad de La Laguna Cabildo de Tenerife Cabildo de Tenerife AVCAN Cabildo de Tenerife Centrifuga Producciones Centrifuga Producciones Centrifuga Producciones Université de Genève University College London University College London University of New Hampshire

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Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Switzerland U.K. U.K. U.S.A.

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FOGO 2010

EU Transnational Cooperation Program MAC 2007-2013

Laboratório de Engenharia Civil (LEC), Cabo Verde Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade de Cabo Verde (UNICV) Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC), Cabo Verde Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España