Emission Inventories Construction in Latin America and the Caribbean
Darío Gómez Department of Chemistry Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina
Contents z
Greenhouse inventories of LAC countries submitted to the UNFCCC z z z
z
Emission inventories of Brazil, México, Argentina z z
z
Gases Methods Emissions Stationary combustion Road transport
Conclusions
National GHG inventories of Latin-American and Caribbean countries 26 26 Antigua & B. Bahamas
24
Barbados Cuba
22
Dominica Dominican R.
20
Jamaica Haití
18
17
16
Antigua & B.
St. Kitts & N. St. Lucia St. Vicent & G.
Bahamas
14 12 10 8 6 4
Cuba
Belize
Dominican R.
El Salvador
Trinidad & T.
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panamá
Guatemala
Argentina
Argentina
Bolivia
Bolivia
Brazil
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Colombia
Guyana Ecuador
2
Mexico
Barbados
2
2
Paraguay Uruguay
3 Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Chile
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
1991
1992
4
Guyana Paraguay Peru
2 Honduras
Uruguay
Cuba Mexico Costa Rica
3 2
Mexico
Argentina
Guyana
2
2
Venezuela
Uruguay
1999
2000
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Uruguay
1995
1996
1997
1998
0 1990
1993
1994
Source: First to Sixth Compilation and Synthesis of Initial Communications from Parties not Included in Annex I to de Convention, UNFCCC
Gases inventoried per sub-region, country CO2 México Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panamá Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Perú Uruguay Venezuela Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Haití Jamaica St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vicent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago
CH4
N2O
NOX
CO
NMVOC
SO2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Source: 1) 6th’Compilation and Synthesis of Initial Communications from Parties not Included in Annex I to de Convention, 2) National Communications
Methods per sub-region, country - Energy Country
Submission 1995 GL 1996 GL GPG
México Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panamá Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Perú Uruguay Venezuela Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Haití Jamaica St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vicent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago
1997 & 2001 2002 2000 2000 2002 2000 2001 2001 1997/1999 2000 2004 2000 2001 2000 2002 2002 2001 1997 & 2004 2005 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2000 2001 2001 2000 2001
-? X ------------? ----? ---------?
X ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X ? X X X X ? X X X X X X X X X ?
X ? ------X -X ----? -X --? ---------?
Stationary comb. Methods Efs T1, T2 ? ? ? T1? ? T1 D T1 ? ? ? T1 D T1 D T1, T2 CS(CO2, NOx), D T1 CS(CO2), D T1, T2 CS, D T1 D T1 CS(SO2), D ? ? T1 D ? ? T1 D T1, T2 D T1 D ? ? ? ? T1 D T1, T2 ? T1 D T1 D ? ? ? ? T1 D T1 D T1 D ? ?
Road Transport Methods T1(CO2), T2 ? ? ? ? ? T1 T1 T2 T1 T3 T1 T1 ? T1 ? T1 T1, T2 T1 ? ? T1 T1, T3 T1 T1 ? ? T1 T1 ? ?
Source: National Communications of all countries, except Jamaica and Paraguay
Efs CS ? D, CS(SO2) ? ? ? D D D D CS, D D D ? D ? D D D ? ? D ? D D ? ? D D ? ?
Methods per sub-region, country - Agriculture Country México Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panamá Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Perú Uruguay Venezuela Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Haití Jamaica St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vicent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago
Enteric Fermentation Methods Efs T1 D ? ? T1, T2 D ? ? ? ? ? ? T1 D T1 D T1, T2 D T1, T2 D T1, T2 D T1 D T1 D ? ? T1 D ? ? T1 D T1 D T1 D ? ? ? ? T1 D ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? T1 D T1 D ? ? ? ?
Rice Cultivation Methods Efs ? ?
Agricultural Soils Methods Efs ? ?
Agricultural Burning Methods Efs ? ?
T1 ? ?
CS ? ?
-? ?
-? ?
T1 ? ?
D ? ?
T1 T1 T1 -T1 T1 T1 ? T1 ? T1 T1 T1 ? ? T1 ? ? ? ? ? T1 T1 ? ?
D D D -D D D ? D ? D D D ? ? D ? ? ? ? ? D D ? ?
T1a T1a T1b T1a T1a T1a T1a ? T1 ? T1 T1 T1 ? ? T1 ? ? ? ? ? T1 T1 ? ?
D D D D D D D ? D ? D D D ? ? D ? ? ? ? ? D D ? ?
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1, CS T1 T1 ? T1 ? T1 T1 T1 ? ? T1 ? ? ? ? ? T1 T1 ? ?
D D D D D, CS D D ? D ? D D D ? ? D ? ? ? ? ? D D ? ?
Source: National Communications of all countries, except Jamaica and Paraguay
Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O excluding LULUCF (~1994) (Gg CO2 equivalent) 0 Brazil Mexico Argentina Venezuela Paraguay Colombia Jamaica Peru Chile Cuba Ecuador Uruguay Bolivia Dominican Republic Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Panama Costa Rica Nicaragua Belize Haiti Barbados Guyana Bahamas Grenada St. Lucia Antigua & Barbuda St. Vicent & the Grenadines Saint Kitts & Nevis Dominica
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture
Waste
Source: 6th’Compilation and Synthesis of Initial Communications from Parties not Included in Annex I to de Convention
Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O excluding LULUCF (~1994) (Gg CO2 equivalent) 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Brazil Mexico Argentina Venezuela Paraguay Colombia Jamaica Peru Chile Cuba Ecuador Uruguay Bolivia Dominican Republic Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Panama Costa Rica Nicaragua Belize Haiti Barbados Guyana Bahamas Grenada St. Lucia Antigua & Barbuda St. Vicent & the Grenadines Saint Kitts & Nevis Dominica
Source: 6th’Compilation and Synthesis of Initial Communications from Parties not Included in Annex I to de Convention
CO2
CH4
N2O
GHG emissions (~1994) per capita tonne CO2-eq./person: Jamaica (47) > Paraguay (31) > Max. Annex I countries
GHG emission excluding LULUCF (Gg CO2 eq.)
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
Argentina (~8) 200000
< Venezuela (8) < Uruguay (9)
100000
< Trinidad & Tobago (13) 0 0
20
40
60
80
Population (millions)
100
120
140
160
GHG emissions (~1994) per capita ton CO2 / person 0 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haití Honduras Jamaica México Nicaragua Panamá Paraguay Perú Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay Venezuela
5
10
15
kg CH4 / person 20
25 0
100
200
300
kg N2O / person 400 0
4
8
140
658
Also plotted: minimum, average and maximum per capita emissions for Annex I countries
52
12
Stationary combustion – Brazil: activity data z
Annual inventories 1990 - 1994 Steam coal Metallurgical coal
Energy Industries
Coke/coke oven gas Diesel Oil Fuel Oil
Boiler Heater
Manufacturing Industries
Furnace
LPG Other Petroleum Products Natural Gas
Residential Commercial
Kiln Lighting
Wood Charcoal
Agriculture
“Motive Force”
Bagasse
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Bottom-up Approach, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Stationary combustion – Brazil: consumption of fossil fuel vs biomass
Fossil fuels
Biomass
Hydro power
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Bottom-up Approach, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Stationary combustion – Brazil: emission factors for non-CO2 gases Coal
Boilers: T2, T1(NMVOC)
Oil
T1
Natural gas
T1
Biomass
Boilers: T2, T1(NMVOC) Furnaces: T1
Coal
Boilers: T2, T1(NMVOC)
Oil
T1, Ref. gas T2 (CO, NOx)
Natural gas
Boilers: T2, T1(N2O, NMVOC)
Biomass
T1, T2
Residential Commercial Institutional
All fuels
T1
Agriculture
All fuels
T1
Energy Industries
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Bottom-up Approach, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Stationary combustion – México: activity data z z
Annual inventories 1990-1998 Fuel consumption disaggregated per source category but not per technology
Man. Ind. & Construction: 17 source categories
Residential: cooking, heating, other
Source: Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero 1994-1998, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, México D.F. (http://www.ine.gob.mx/dgicurg/cclimatico/inventatio.hml)
Stationary combustion – México: emission factors z
z
z
Net heating value: country specific, variable Sulphur content: country specific, variable Emission factors: 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Energy Industries
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Residential
Commercial Institutional Agriculture
Natural gas
Boilers
Oil
Boilers, normal firing
Coal
Pulverised coal combustion
LPG
Propane boiler
Oil
Boiler
Natural gas
Small boiler (29.3-293 MW)
Wood
~ Conventional stoves (CO)
LPG
Propane / Butane Furnaces
Natural gas
Gas heaters
Kerosene
Oil furnaces
LPG
Propane boilers
Diesel oil
Distillate fuel oil boilers
Fuel oil
Residual fuel oil boilers
All fuels
?
Source: Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero 1994-1998, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, México D.F. (http://www.ine.gob.mx/dgicurg/cclimatico/inventatio.hml)
Stationary combustion – Argentina: activity data
z
Annual inventories 1990, 1994, 1997 and 2000 Fuel consumption disaggregated per source category but generally not per technology 25000
20000
Boiler Diesel Hydro
Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Nuclear
15000 MW
z
10000
5000
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Source: inventario Nacional de la Republica Argentina, de Fuentes de Emisiones y Absorciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, no Controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal, Fundación Bariloche, Buenos Aires, September 2005.
Stationary combustion – Argentina: emission factors z
z
z
Net heating value: country specific, variable NOx emission factors: country specific for electricity generation Emission factors: 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Energy Industries
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Residential
Commercial Institutional
Agriculture
Natural gas
Boilers, Gas turbines, NGCC
Oil
Boilers, Dual turbines
Coal
Pulverised coal combustion
LPG
Propane boiler
Oil
Boiler
Natural gas
Small boiler (29.3-293 MW)
Biomass
T1
Wood
Conventional stoves
LPG
Propane / Butane Furnaces
Natural gas
Gas heaters
Kerosene
Distillate fuel oil combustion
Natural gas
Boilers
LPG
Propane + butane boilers
Diesel oil
Distillate fuel oil boilers
Fuel oil
Residual fuel oil boilers
Diesel oil
Off-road farm equipment
Source: inventario Nacional de la Republica Argentina, de Fuentes de Emisiones y Absorciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, no Controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal, Fundación Bariloche, Buenos Aires, September 2005.
Road transport – Brazil: activity data Type
Passengers cars (88.6%) Light duty vehicles
Fuel
Gasoline Ethanol
Sport utility vehicles (11.4%) Passengers (< 0.2%) Sport utility vehicles (28%) Heavy duty vehicles Trucks (60%) Buses (13%)
Diesel
Age 0 -1 1 -2 2 -5 5-10 10-15 15+ 0 -2 2 -5 5-10 10-15 15+
Approach
km traveled
Fuel consumption
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Movable Sources in the Energy Sector, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Road transport – Brazil: emission factors z z z
CO2: country specific carbon content N2O: 1996 IPCC GLs Gasoline and ethanol fueled vehicles z z
For new vehicles + deterioration factor CO, NOx and HC: country specific z
Environmental Sanitation Technology Company of São Paulo z
z
z
standard emission test: urban traffic at 31.5 km/h; 20-30 oC; 40-60% relative humidity of air
CH4 and NMVOC: measured HC EFs and EF(CH4)/EF(NMVOC)=0.0132 (1996 IPCC GLs)
Diesel fueled vehicles z z z
CO, NOx and HC: Pre 1994: EC regulation No. 49, since 1994: limits established by Brazilian regulations CH4: IPCC default NMVOC = HC – CH4
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Movable Sources in the Energy Sector, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima). Emission factors and limitis: http://www.ibama.gov.br/proconve/home.htm
Road transport – México: activity data Type Passengers cars Light trucks Heavy trucks
Heavy trucks
Light vehicles Heavy vehicles
Fuel
Parameters
Approach
Gasoline Conventional
Diesel
LPG
Catalytic
Vintage
Fuel consumption: CO2, SO2
km traveled: CH4, N2O, NOx,CO, NMVOC
Motorcycles
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Movable Sources in the Energy Sector, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Road transport – México: emission factors z z z
CO2, SO2: country specific contents N2O: 1996 IPCC GLs Gasoline fueled vehicles z
CO, NOx and HC: country specific z
z
Diesel fueled vehicles and motorcycles z
z
Mexican Petroleum Institute
MOBILE 5a. 3MCMA
LPG fueled vehicles z
1966 IPCC Gls
Source: First Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Background Reports: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Movable Sources in the Energy Sector, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002 (http://www.mct.gov.br/clima)
Road transport – Argentina: activity data Fuel
Number (%)
Consumption (%)
Urban buses
Gasoline Natural gas Diesel oil Gasoline Natural gas Diesel oil Diesel oil
62.3 7.1 7.0 < 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.4
20.1 4.2 3.2 0.0 1.8 1.0 4.7
Long-distance buses
Diesel oil
0.3
4.5
Gasoline Natural gas Diesel oil Diesel Oil
5.0 1.4 11.9 3.6
9.4 5.5 21.2 24.3
Type
Private Cars Passenger
Load
Taxis
< 4 ton > 4 ton
Approach
km traveled
specific fuel
consumption
Emission factors: Tier 2 IPCC – European vehicles (gasoline and diesel oil), U.S. vehicles (natural gas) Source: inventario Nacional de la Republica Argentina, de Fuentes de Emisiones y Absorciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, no Controlados por el Protocolo de Montreal, Fundación Bariloche, Buenos Aires, September 2005.
Country specific EFs for CO (g/km) Brasil
Argentina
Mexico
90
Trucks 80 70 60
Passenger cars (+ deterioration factor) Sport utility vehicles
50
SUV 40 30 20 10
Passenger cars: 0 km
Passenger cars Taxis Passenger cars
0 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 Sources: Brazil (http://www.ibama.gov.br/proconve/home.htm), México (http://www.red-deautoridades.org/cds/disco04/inventario/inventariozmvm1998/3metodologiaparalaestimaciondeemisiones.doc), Argentina (Laboratorio de Control de Emisiones Gaseosas Vehiculares, Secretarìa de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales)
Emission inventories for cities z
Bogotá (Colombia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Lima-Callao (Perú), México D.F. (México), Santiago (Chile) ,São Paulo (Brazil)
z
Focus on road transport
z
Development of national and city inventories are generally not coordinated
z
Recent joint projects of research groups
Key issues z z z z z
Strengthen the capacity and assure the continuity of the institutions involved Develop a national system (“not starting from scratch”) Improve consistency and comparability Establish (or improve) systematic QA/QC and uncertainty estimation Activity data z z z z z
z
Some are lacking or not accessible Improve quality of disaggregated information for bottom-up approaches (including the information on bunker fuels) Collect information on biomass fuels that do not pass through commercial markets Systematize data regarding the stocks and composition of vehicle fleet Verify data provided by sectoral information sources
Emission factors z z z
Need to estimate country specific EF Representative statistical data collection Synergy among countries and different information sources
Source: Hands-on Training Workshop of the CGE on GHG National Inventories for Non Annex I Countries, Panama, 25-29 October 2004
