CIUREE

V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables Cartagena - Colombia 03 - 05 Febrero de 2016

CIUREE V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables

EFICIENCIA, GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA Y ENERGÍA RENOVABLE RECOPILACIÓN DEL V CONGRESO CIUREE ORGANIZADORES RED COLOMBIANA DE CONOCIMIENTO EN EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA – RECIEE Director: Omar Prias Caicedo Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Palmira Universidad del Atlántico Universidad Industrial de Santander Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Universidad de la Salle Universidad de la Costa - CUC Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Universidad del Valle Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Universidad de Antioquia Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga Universidad de Cartagena COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO ALBERTO FOSSA Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil ANA CECILIA ESCUDERO ATEHORTÚA Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia

CARLOS ARIEL CARDONA Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede Manizales CESAR ALEJANDRO ISAZA ROLDÁN Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia ELIANE APARECIDA FARIA AMARAL FADIGAS Universidad De Sao Paulo, Brasil ENRIQUE CIRO QUISPE OQUEÑA Universidad Autónoma De Occidente, Colombia ESTRELLA PARRA Universidad Nacional De Colombia FABIO EMIRO SIERRA Universidad Nacional de Colombia FERNANDO HERRERA Universidad Nacional de Colombia FRANCISCO JAVIER REY MARTÍNEZ Catedrático Universidad De Valladolid, España JAVIER ROSERO Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede Bogotá JESÚS ANTONIO DEL RIO PORTILLA Instituto De Energías Renovables, México JORGE IVAN SILVA ORTEGA Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia JUAN CARLOS CAMPOS Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia JUAN RICARDO VIDAL MEDINA Universidad Autónoma De Occidente, Colombia JUDITH RODRIGUEZ SALCEDO Universidad Nacional De Colombia Sede Palmira

CIUREE V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables

JULIO GOMEZ SARDUY Investigador CEEMA, Cuba VYACHESLAV KAFAROV Universidad Industrial De Santander, Colombia LOURDES MERINO STAND Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia MARCO SAIDEL Universidad De Sao Paulo, Brasil MARGARITA LAPIDO Universidad De Cienfuegos, Cuba MARLEY CECILIA VANEGAS CHAMORRO Universidad Del Atlántico, Colombia MILÉN BALBIS MOREJÓN Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia OMAR PRIAS CAICEDO Universidad Nacional de Colombia ROSAURA CASTRILLÓN Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Colombia SANDRA YOMARY GARZON LEMOS Universidad De La Salle, Colombia SERGIO ROMERO HERNÁNDEZ Centro Energía Y Recursos Naturales CERN-ITAM, México VLADIMIR SOUSA SANTOS Corporación Universidad De La Costa, Colombia

ENERGÍA EFICIENTE - E2 FINANCIERA DEL DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL FINDETER UNIDAD DE PLANEACIÓN MINERO ENERGÉTICA UPME MUNDO ELECTRICO RED KNIFE ETIQUETADO ENERGÉTICO DE COLOMBIA LUTRON COPPER ALLIANCE GENSA ISAGEN GAS NATURAL FENOSA UNIVERSIDAD DE CARTAGENA

AGRADECIMIENTOS MINISTERIO DE MINAS Y ENERGÍAS DE COLOMBIA DEPARTAMENTO ADMINISTRATIVO DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN COLCIENCIAS COMISIÓN DE REGULACIÓN DE ENERGÍA Y GAS CREG ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA EL DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL - ONUDI

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DISEÑO Y DIAGRAMACIÓN DIEGO CAMACHO / DESIGNBOX.COM.CO

CORRECCIÓN DE ESTILO DORIS MIDORI MOROMISATO ISSN: 2539-0287 EDITORIAL UN

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra sin autorización previa y por escrito de los titulares del copyright.

TABLA DE CONTENIDO APORTES RECIEE AL CONOCIMIENTO: RESULTADOS DE UNA TRAYECTORIA 5

Impact of Efficient Magnetic Filtration

V EDICIÓN DEL CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL EN EFICIENCIA, GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA Y ENERGÍAS NO RENOVABLES – CIUREE

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Incremento de la eficiencia estacional de los usos significativos de energía mediante el control operacional del desempeño energético 91

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA

7

Construcción luminarias LED para interiores

8

Simulación de estrategias de control para un sistema de aire acondicionado solar y ciclo de refrigeración por absorción

16

Simulación de cargas de refrigeración y calefacción de materiales lig eros (Steel–Frame) en edificios residenciales

21

Estimación de pérdidas no técnicas en alimentadores de distribución incorporando datos de facturación en el flujo de potencia

28

Análisis de la introdución masiva de iluminación LED en el sector residencial colombiano

36

Efecto de las tensiones distorsionadas en las pérdidas y el rendimiento de los motores de inducción de alta eficiencia

44

Eficiencia energética en sistemas de Iluminación en construcción sostenible

51

Losses characterization and efficiency analysis on EMDS in the operating range of torque and speed

57

Diagnóstico de Fallas de Motor de Inducción Transformada de Hilbert Huang Híbrida

63

Evaluación de indicadores de eficiencia energética y emisiones de CO2 en plataformas de petróleo offshore con Ciclo Combinado

73

The Socio-Economical and Environmental

GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA

79

99

Implementación de la línea de base energética según los requerimientos de la norma 50001: aplicación a dos empresas industriales 100 Técnicas no invasivas de monitoreo para identificación del consumo desagregado de energía 106 Modelos de planeación de la producción enfocados a eficiencia energética: análisis del estado del arte 112 Programación de la producción enfocada a eficiencia energética de ambientes de trabajo tipo Flow Shop usando un algoritmo genético 121 Caracterización energética de 40 empresas colombianas . Proyecto Greenpyme 2014 128 Evaluación de indicadores energéticos para sistemas de transporte de productos refinados del petróleo 134 Análisis del consumo de energía térmica en dos industrias procesadoras de leche y derivados lácteos de la Región Pacífica de Colombia. 140 Análisis de problemáticas para el establecimiento de un sistema integral de indicadores de desempeño energético a nivel de sectores industriales Colombianos 147 Implementación del programa de gestión de energía en la industria de fabricación de carrocerías 155

TABLA DE CONTENIDO Electricity intensity in Colombian small and mediumsized enterprises: an exploration off the effects of firmlevel innovative activity 162 FUENTES NO CONVENCIONALES Y ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES

175

E nv i ro n m e n t a l a n d te c h n o - e c o n o m i c assessment of micro-cogeneration systems based of biomass: Background and project proposal 176 Análisis del impacto de la protección crowbar de los DFIG sobe los niveles de corto circuito en redes de distribución radiales 178 Estudio de los factores que atenúan la radiación solar de los departamentos del Atlántico y Bolívar durante el periodo del Fenómeno del Niño 183 Diseño, prototipo y análisis hidro-mecánico de una microturbina de eje vertical para ZNI 190 Gestión de la demanda en redes eléctricas inteligentes, revisión y futuras estrategias 198 Proyección de un sistema, basado en tecnología Stirling que utilice biomasa como combustible, para la generación de energía eléctrica en viviendas de regiones no interconectadas 214 Evaluación del potencial de respuesta de la demanda a partir de información de perfiles de consumo 221 Estabilidad de pequeña señal en turbinas HDarrieus para microgeneración 229 Controlador MPPT aplicado fotovoltaicos autónomos (SFA)

a

sistemas

238

Aplicación de una RNA para la clonación de un controlador difuso en un sistema de 244 seguimiento solar fotovoltaico

POLÍTICA Y REGULACIÓN ENERGÉTICA

249

Políticas públicas en la transformación tecnológica en el mercado colombiano de energía eléctrica 250 Evaluación de los resultados de las subastas de cargo por confiabilidad en Colombia 261 Desarrollo de una aplicación gráfica para un sistema en monitoreo basado en tecnología sincrofasorial

275

Oportunidades de eficiencia energética en la industria coquizadora colombiana

282

Metodología para la elaboración de estudios prospectivos en el sector energético.

290

RESUMEN CONFERENCIAS MAGISTRALES

296

PANEL DE EXPERTOS

303

COMUNICADO REUNIÓN DE EXPERTOS EN GESTIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA E ISO 50001 PARA LATINOAMÉRICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 DIRECTORIO DE AUTORES

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APORTES RECIEE AL CONOCIMIENTO: RESULTADOS DE UNA TRAYECTORIA La Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética –RECIEE-, se creó en 2003, bajo una iniciativa conjunta de doce grupos de investigación y el apoyo del Departamento Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación –COLCIENCIAS-. La Red tiene como objetivo la alineación y creación de capacidades nacionales para el desarrollo, promoción y adopción de tecnologías y prácticas en el área de eficiencia energética, y su integración con la industria y la sociedad. Trayectoria Desde su creación, RECIEE ha mantenido una línea de trabajo con entidades de los sectores gubernamental, industrial y académico en proyectos de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación con impacto en el desarrollo del país. En el 2007, la red desarrolló un modelo para la implementación de Sistemas de Gestión Integral de la Energía (SGIE) en industrias colombianas, el cual fue adoptado por la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME) e implementado a nivel piloto en algunas empresas. Entre el 2010 y el 2013, bajo el Programa Estratégico Nacional SGIE, el Sistema de Gestión se difundió en más de 50 empresas de todo el país y se alineó con la norma internacional ISO 50001. Por medio de este programa también se desarrollaron cursos de fortalecimiento de capacidades nacionales en gestión de la energía y se acompañó al Instituto Colombiano de Normalización Técnica (ICONTEC), en la adopción oficial de la norma ISO 50001 como Norma Técnica Colombiana. Actualmente, RECIEE participa activamente en espacios interinstitucionales de decisión nacional, como la Mesa de Trabajo en Eficiencia Energética liderada por el Ministerio de Minas y Energía y la Asociación Nacional de Empresarios (ANDI), el Comité Técnico Nacional 228 que reporta al comité internacional de la ISO en gestión de la energía, y en el proyecto "Promoción de la Eficiencia Energética en las Industrias Colombianas", liderado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial, ONUDI. Como evento académico central, la red ha organizado desde el 2004 el Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia y Gestión Energética 'CIUREE', cuya versión más reciente se realizó en Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) en febrero de 2016.

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V Edición del Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables – CIUREE

Cartagena fue la ciudad elegida para realizar la quinta edición del Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables, los días 3, 4 y 5 de febrero de 2016. Evento de carácter multidisciplinar en el que participaron 7 Conferencistas Internacionales, 4 Nacionales y 2 conferencistas – patrocinadores. El evento se realizó en la Universidad de Cartagena, sede San Agustín. Como novedad, el V CIUREE contó con una muestra comercial, en la que participaron entidades como la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), Universidad de Cartagena, Lutron, FINDETER y Mundo Eléctrico, promoviendo la integración Universidad-Empresa- Estado en torno a la eficiencia y gestión energética. En el evento participaron más de 300 personas y se presentaron 131 trabajos nacionales e internacionales, los cuales fueron evaluados por un comité científico conformado por expertos nacionales e internacional en las temáticas abordadas por el congreso. Luego de una rigurosa evaluación a cada uno de los trabajos presentados, fueron escogidos 76 para ponencia, 27 para póster y 28 No fueron seleccionadas. Asimismo, dentro del marco del V Congreso CIUREE, el 4 de febrero se realizó la Primera Reunión de expertos liderando proyectos para América Latina en sistemas de gestión de la energía bajo los lineamientos de la norma ISO 50001. A esta reunión asistieron 24 participantes provenientes de los países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Estados Unidos, México y Perú. Los expertos identificaron que los países latinoamericanos cuentan con retos y problemáticas comunes en gestión de la energía, cuya atención puede facilitarse mediante la socialización de experiencias y el trabajo coordinado de los países, entre otros.

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(ÀFLHQFLD(QHUJpWLFD La eficiencia energética en el ámbito de un sistema energético regional, nacional o global contribuye notablemente en la disminución de las pérdidas en cada una de las etapas de transformación de la energía, reduciendo así los requerimientos de suministro de energía para los diferentes sectores de consumo y mitigando a su vez explotación de los recursos naturales, la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y el impacto en calentamiento global. En esta sección, encontramos varios artículos que profundizan y muestran resultados de investigaciones relacionados con el mejoramiento de eficiencia energética en usos finales de energía, procesos productivos y los efectos por la introducción de tecnologías eficientes en los diferentes sectores de consumo de energía del país.

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• Conferencias Magistrales • Panel de Expertos • Comunicado reunión de expertos en gestión de la energía e ISO 50001 para latinoamérica • Directorio de Autores

CONFERENCIAS MAGISTRALES Oportunidades para el mercado de servicios energéticos en el ámbito de la ISO 50001 Las Empresas de Servicios Energéticos – ESCOs, definidas como compañías que ofrecen servicios de energía que pueden incluir la implementación de proyectos de eficiencia energética, tienen como finalidad garantizar el ahorro de energía basando las retribuciones de las ESCOs precisamente en los ahorros obtenidos. Los tipos de servicios que ofrecen estas empresas van desde el análisis de la energía y auditorías energéticas hasta suministro de energía y/o equipos. El sistema de funcionamiento se basa en la relación ESCO-CLIENTE-BANCO-PROYECTO-AHORRO, de acuerdo a un flujo de acciones y de fondos perfectamente definido. Por otro lado, los potenciales de eficiencia energética de las diferentes regiones del mundo es bastante considerable y la mayoría de países tienen objetivos claros en eficiencia energética. Finalmente, el esquema de la norma internacional ISO 50001 plantea una metodología de mejora continua PLANEAR-HACER-REVISARACTUAR introduciendo el concepto de desempeño energético, entre otros, en donde las ESCOs pueden desarrollar actuaciones importantes; además, se destaca a la luz de esta norma, que existe un amplio mercado para las ESCOs debido a los servicios que ofrecen, no obstante esto mismo representa algunos cambios en las operaciones de las actividades de las ESCOs tradicionales.

Alberto J. Fosa ISO TC242 Head BR / ABNT CB115 Chair ABRINSTAL Dir. Executivo ICA Experto

El programa de eficiencia energética industrial en Colombia El panorama mundial del programa de eficiencia energética de ONUDI (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial) muestra a 20 países en fase operativa como Colombia, Ecuador, Turquía y 10 actividades planeadas en Chile, México, entre otros. El enfoque del programa presenta medidas de gestión y técnicas como diplomados en gestión energética, programas de formación de técnicos en sistemas de motores, vapor, compresores. En cuanto al programa en el contexto nacional, el marco regulatorio presenta algunos avances como el Programa Nacional de Eficiencia Energética (PROURE), reglamentos técnicos, incentivos fiscales; por su parte, las metas sectoriales establecidas principalmente en el sector industrial, así como las líneas de acción muestran un balance positivo en estos aspectos, los cuales deben seguir siendo fortalecidos. Los resultados de los programas nacionales como el RETIQ/Motores en reglamentos técnicos y NTC-ISO 50001 en normas voluntarias, muestran algunos aspectos a tratar como reglamento para calderas, adopción de normas de la familia 50000, entre otros. Las cifras del Programa Sistema de Gestión integral de la Energía (SGIE) presentan 470 empresas sensibilizadas, 244 técnicos en la implementación de SGEn formados, 55 empresas desarrollando planes de SGEn, entre otros. En la actualidad el país cuenta con diplomados y otros programas de posgrado en temas de gestión energética; sin embargo, el Programa de Eficiencia Energética Industrial -EEIen Colombia busca que otras regiones del país también tengan acceso a este 296

Bettina Schreck Industrial Development Officer UNIDO

conocimiento con el propósito de que más industrias implementen SGEn. Por otro lado, este programa presenta un caso especial en el contexto mundial ya que a diferencia de otros países, donde se ha llevado a cabo, la participación de una red de universidades como lo es RECIEE, será la encargada de la formación de estas capacidades, integrando nuevas universidades de esas regiones y dando mayor sostenibilidad en el tiempo a los objetivos del EEI. Finalmente, del programa se destacan sus impactos ambientales y sociales.

“Avances y oportunidades de la reglamentación de la ley 1715, integración de las energías renovables no convencionales al sistema energético nacional“ La ley 1715 de 2014 establece lineamientos para la integración de energías renovables no convencionales y la gestión eficiente de la energía en el panorama energético del país. Desde diferentes entidades estatales como el Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Comisión Reguladora de Energía y Gas – CREG, entre otras, se han emitido decretos y resoluciones reglamentarios en temas como: autogeneración a gran y pequeña escala, plantas menores, respuesta de la demanda, plantas no despachadas centralmente, subastas adicionales. Por otro lado, dentro de los retos asociados a la Generación de energía se destacan: confiabilidad-costos variables, mercado de confiabilidad, propuesta de despacho vinculante y energías renovables. La situación actual de la transmisión y distribución se encuentra con retos para la optimización de las redes para transmitir y distribuir energía eléctrica, teniendo en cuenta la generación distribuida, redes inteligentes, gestión de la demanda, entre otros. Como reflexiones finales, la eficiencia energética es compromiso de usuarios, empresas y regulador, la agenda regulatoria hace parte de las oportunidades de mejora del modelo regulatorio nacional, la ley 1715 abre un nuevo campo a nuestro sistema eléctrico, por lo que es necesario continuar avanzando en su reglamentación.

Jorge Pinto Nolla Director Ejecutivo Comisión Reguladora de Energía y Gas-CREG

Integración Universidad-Empresa en los ámbitos de energía y medio ambiente en México La problemática mundial del cambio climático, aumento de la demanda energética, agotamiento eventual de fuentes fósiles ha llevado al desarrollo de alternativas energéticas. En México, para el 2014 el 87.7% de la producción de energía primaria correspondía a hidrocarburos, mientras que el 7.56% a renovables; para 2024 la meta es producir el 35% de electricidad a partir de tecnologías limpias. Las políticas nacionales mexicanas en energía y medio ambiente involucran el Programa Nacional de Desarrollo, la Estrategia Nacional de Producción y Consumo Sustentable, de Energía, entre otras teniendo como punto central el uso de energías renovables, eficiencia energética, cambio climático, entre otras. La vinculación universidadempresa representa varias ventajas económicas, aplicación de conocimientos, prestigio y reconocimiento que permiten el mejor desarrollo de proyectos e innovaciones tecnológicas. Dentro de los mecanismos que

297

Rogelio Sotelo Boyás Instituto Politécnico Nacional Red de Energía

usa el gobierno para impulsar y promocionar estas alianzas en temas como eficiencia energética, energías renovables, tecnologías limpias, se tiene por ejemplo el Fondo Sectorial CONACYT-SENER quienes apoyan la investigación científica y tecnológica aplicada. Algunas instituciones de educación superior de México como el IPN, Universidad La Salle, entre otras, se encuentran en esta dinámica con programas como centros de incubación de e mp r e s a s d e b a s e te c n o l ó g i c a , c á te d r a s corporativas, las cuales deben ser fomentadas dentro de las organizaciones para su mejor desarrollo.

Ahorro y uso eficiente de la energía en México: contexto y acciones de la CONUEE La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía -CONUEE- nace en 2008 como un resulta de la Ley de Aprovechamiento Sustentable de Energía con el objetivo de promover la eficiencia energética y constituirse como órgano de carácter técnico en materia de aprovechamiento sustentable de la energía. Dentro de sus principales programas se encuentran: Normalización, relacionado con las normas oficiales de México; Administración Pública Federal, destacándose el uso de energía en edificios, flotas vehiculares e instalaciones industriales; Proyecto Nacional de Eficiencia Energética en el Alumbrado Público Municipal, cuyo principal objetivo es la sustitución de los alumbrados ineficientes de alumbrado público municipal; Usuarios con Patrón de Alto Consumo, en el cual existe una reglamentación sobre las penalizaciones a este tipo de consumidores; Sistemas de Gestión de Energía, en este ámbito se encuentra un programa transversal que busca proporcionar a los usuarios herramientas para elevar su competitividad mediante el mejor uso de la energía; y, finalmente, Calentamiento Solar de Agua, cuyo programa implementando es un esquema de financiamiento piloto para este tipo de sistemas en la Península de Yucatán con factor de réplica a nivel nacional.

Odón de Buen Rodríguez Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía-CONUEE

Retos de la eficiencia energética en Colombia El panorama mundial de la eficiencia energética basado en la calificación otorgada en 2014 por el Consejo Americano para una Economía Energéticamente Eficiente - ACEEE presenta el estado de algunos países en esta materia mostrando el puntaje más alto conseguido por Alemania, seguido por la Unión Europea, China, Francia, Japón y España, destacándose esfuerzos como disminución de emisiones, motores eficientes, eficiencia residencial, térmica y leyes energéticas. Se resalta la forma como los países pueden incrementar su eficiencia resaltando: incentivos financieros, políticas y su seguimiento, metas de reducción energética, entre otros. En cuanto al panorama nacional, Colombia presenta algunas políticas que se han adelantado en esta materia, como la Ley 697 de 2001 sobre el Marco Político en Eficiencia Energética, la Resolución 41012 de 2015 de reglamento de etiquetado, entre otras. Sin embargo, existen algunos aspectos por fortalecer, como políticas de generación térmica limpia,

298

Jorge Valencia Director General Unidad Planeación Minero Energética UPME

mejoras de eficiencia energética en la industria, entre otras. El consumo energético nacional por sectores muestra al de transporte como el más ineficiente en términos de consumo de energía; no obstante, existen acciones sectoriales y transversales que se están implementando como entrada de vehículos eléctricos en algunas categorías, incremento de la eficiencia del 74% al 90% en calderas pirotubulares con gas natural en la industria, sustitución de 1 millón de refrigeradores con una reducción al 2020 del 4,72% de la demanda del sector residencial, entre otras. Finalmente, en la oferta institucional se destacan entidades como ONUDI, BID, COLCIENCIAS, entre otros, quienes adelantan diferentes programas para promover la eficiencia y gestión energética en el país. Políticas para promover la norma ISO 50001 y oportunidades para colaboración internacional En la actualidad existen diversos programas gubernamentales de gestión energética alrededor del mundo que han servido como estrategias para alcanzar metas nacionales; es destacable que desde la publicación de la ISO 50001 se ha incrementado el perfil de estas estrategias. Algunas claves a considerar a la hora de tener éxito en este tipo de programas incluyen: regulaciones, incentivos, asistencia técnica, entrenamiento e intercambio de información y conocimiento. Entre algunos ejemplos de países y sus respectivas políticas obligatorias para alcanzar metas en eficiencia energética se encuentra China y el programa de objetivos de ahorros de energía para los sectores industriales con mayor consumo energético, Alemania y la política de exenciones tributarias a compañías que certifiquen la implementación de estrategias de gestión de la energía, Francia y los fuertes incentivos económicos para la implementación de la ISO 50001. Por otro lado, países como Suecia y Estados Unidos han trabajado en la implementación de compromisos voluntarios, con programas de eficiencia energética en las industrias, fundamentos en la ISO 50001. Por último, en la Cooperación Internacional para Estimular los Resultados Nacionales se resalta el Grupo de Trabajo en Gestión Energética (Energy Management Working Group-EMWG) conformado por 12 países que procuran acelerar la adopción y uso de sistemas de gestión energética como la ISO 50001 en la industria y edificaciones comerciales.

Ms. Graziella Siciliano U.S. Department of Energy

Tendencias y perspectivas de la gestión energética industrial en la infraestructura internacional El Departamento de Energía -DOE- de Estados Unidos ha creado algunos programas de eficiencia energética voluntarios para el sector industrial, en los que se resalta que los sistemas de gestión energética conducen a mejoramientos continuos del desempeño energético. Dos de estos programas voluntarios para el sector manufacturero son: Superior Energy Performance & Industrial Assessment Center, quienes involucran el estándar ISO 50001, auditorías energéticas sin costo para pequeñas y medianas empresas, entre otros. Dentro de los factores o aspectos que

299

Dr. Peter Therkelsen Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

deben ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de realizar proyectos basados en acercamientos a la eficiencia energética se encuentran: los equipos y procesos, personal, fuentes energéticas, control. En cuanto a los estados o etapas por las que atraviesan estos proyectos, una vez estructurados, se encuentran la decisión de la compañía de implementar un sistema de gestión de la energía, la disminución de los costos de energía a través de simples ahorros de energía, ahorros adicionales debido al uso eficiente de la energía hasta llegar a los alcanzados por las operaciones de negocios de la compañía.

Hacia la construcción de un futuro energéticamente sustentable desde el conocimiento En la actualidad existen diversos factores que impulsan la eficiencia energética y las Fuentes No Convencionales de Energía (FNCE) en el país, como: el cambio climático, incertidumbre en reservas de gas, mercado eléctrico sin demanda activa, falencias en políticas, entre otros. La evolución del marco normativo colombiano en cuanto a eficiencia energética empieza desde el 2001 con la declaración del uso racional y eficiente de la energía y las FNCE como asunto de interés nacional, pasando por diversas leyes y reglamentaciones, hasta llegar más recientemente a la Ley 1715 de 2014 que regula la integración de FNCE al sistema energético e incluye herramientas regulatorias para la gestión eficiente de la Energía. Por otro lado, la Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética –RECIEE-, desde su creación en 2002 ha trabajado en varios proyectos que han contribuido en la integración Universidad-Empresa-Estado en temas de gestión y eficiencia energética. Un diagnóstico del estado actual en eficiencia, gestión energética y FNCE, presenta altas capacidades nacionales en investigación en temas como FNCE y Eficiencia en Usos Finales, la caracterización de la industria muestra a un país en proceso de desindustrialización que no toma la energía como un elemento estratégico de competitividad. La región con mayor consumo de energía eléctrica en el sector industrial es la andina, la matriz energética del sector manufacturero está compuesta principalmente por gas natural, carbón mineral y energía eléctrica. Por otro lado, dentro del Programa ejecutado por RECIEE, más de 80 empresas han sido sensibilizadas en cuatro regiones del país, encontrándose gran interés en mejorar el desempeño energético en el sector alimenticio, seguido por el metalmecánico; asimismo, fue identificado en este diagnóstico la obsolescencia en tecnologías de uso final de la energía en la industria. Las capacidades de gestión en el sector industrial muestran que las organizaciones han tenido algunas iniciativas que deben formalizarse para integrarse de manera activa a un Sistema de Gestión de Energía – SGE. Por último, existen debilidades y retos del mercado, capacidades nacionales para la acreditación y certificación en ISO 50001.

300

Omar Prías Caicedo Director Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética RECIEE

Análisis de las políticas y programas de eficiencia energética y fuentes renovables a nivel internacional El sector transporte colombiano es el mayor consumidor de energía con el 47%, seguido del sector industrial y residencial, ambos con 19% del consumo total del país. Las principales barreras que se han identificado para la implementación de la eficiencia energética en el país muestran problemáticas estructurales de precios, de tipo normativo, institucionales y de mercado, así como ausencia de incentivos tributarios de distribuidorescomercializadores de energía eléctrica y gas, el cargo de respaldo limita el desarrollo de proyectos de autogeneración; la eficiencia energética no ha sido prioridad en el marco normativo, alcance limitado de reglamento de etiquetado; escasa divulgación de programas de investigación y desarrollo, UPME rol protagónico pero sin herramientas de control, escasa divulgación de la oferta de crédito y del procedimiento para acceder a estos. Los factores críticos de éxito del referenciamiento internacional son varios: la información relacionado con la eficiencia energética como elemento fundamental, el mayor avance de la innovación tecnológica frente a la normatividad, la falta de obligatoriedad en la práctica de la eficiencia energética, mecanismos basado en mercado, acuerdos voluntarios entre gobierno y empresas, fuentes de financiamiento a la eficiencia energética, y verificación y control. No obstante, existen algunas alternativas para eliminar los factores críticos o barreras a la eficiencia energética, como esquemas de consecución de información, decretos para fomentar la eficiencia energética, creación del Gestor de Información de Eficiencia Energética usando recursos del FENOGE, creación del esquema de mercado, impulso a iniciativas relacionadas con promoción y educación, entre otras.

Dafna Siegert Ernst & Young - EY

La Banca del Desarrollo como promotora de mercados sostenibles: oportunidades para Colombia en Distritos Térmicos y SWAC FINDETER es una entidad que brinda asesoría técnica y asistencia territorial, ofreciendo créditos blandos para sectores estratégicos y mercados sustentables emergentes, a través de mecanismos financieros y no financieros. Dentro de las experiencias financieras se destacan los casos de infraestructura sostenibles, eficiencia energética y cambio climático, alumbrado e iluminación, como modernización del alumbrado público, pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas y energía fotovoltaica. En la caracterización financiera de mercados de fuentes no convencionales de energía renovables se pueden resaltar la solar, biomasa, distritos térmicos, estos últimos son sistemas de distribución de calor y/o frío mediante tuberías desde una central de generación hasta un conjunto de consumidores, de los que resaltan beneficios como costos de operación más bajos y reducción de la demanda energética; algunos ejemplos de estos proyectos en el mundo se encuentran en Ámsterdam, Barcelona, París, entre otros . En cuanto a los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo de estos proyectos se encuentran la elevada inversión inicial, marcos regulatorios no adecuados, incertidumbre sobre el modelo de negocio de usos secundarios,

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Findeter Financiera del Desarrollo Territorial S.A.

entre otros. Finalmente, en el caso de distritos térmicos en Colombia ya se cuenta con un estudio adelantado para ser desarrollado en un sector de la ciudad de Medellín, contando con empresas en el país con el conocimiento y capacidad operativa para diseñar e implementarlos en sus distintas modalidades. Las estrategias y perspectivas de la I+D+i en Eficiencia Energética y Fuentes Renovables en Colombia. Las capacidades de investigación en Colombia presentan un crecimiento anual en el período 2007-2011 de 5.5%, frente al promedio OCDE del 2.0%. Sin embargo, aún se encuentra rezagada respecto al promedio OCDE en temas como investigadores por millón de habitantes y el porcentaje del PIB en gastos para i+D. En el caso de la producción científica, el promedio OCDE para artículos/billón del PIB e Indice H, son 38.8 y 413, respectivamente, Colombia tiene valores de 6.1 y 133 en estos aspectos. La transferencia y orientación a la innovación, muestra buenos comportamientos en la Cooperación Universidad Industria, pero un bajo nivel en Aplicaciones a Patentes. En la actualidad se cuentan con 84 grupos de I+D+i trabajando en temas de Eficiencia Energética y Fuentes No Convencionales de Energía, principalmente de universidades, centrándose la producción científica y tecnológica de 2000 a 2015 los trabajos de grado, artículos en revistas indexadas, tesis de maestría, proyectos de I+D+i, entre otros. Las metas del cuatrienio 2014-2018, abarcan una producción científica ambiciosa de 13,400 artículos publicados en revistas científicas especializadas e incrementar el capital humano para CTeI con 10,000 maestrías y doctorados, 7,000 empresas más sofisticadas e innovadoras; tres millones de niños y jóvenes apoyados en procesos de vocación científica y tecnológica: Ondas, Jóvenes Investigadores, Nexo Global, entre otros.

Yesid Ojeda Director Minería y Energía COLCIENCIAS

Programa Nacional para Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía El principal factor problemático al momento de hablar de implementación de Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía es el cultural, se debe entender a qué se le da prioridad en las organizaciones como imagen, incentivos fiscales, productividad, por lo que las empresas en muchas ocasiones no se interesan por este tipo de iniciativas. En México la CONUEE creo el PRONASGEN con una ejecución de 2015 a 2018 y tiene como objetivo apoyar a los usuarios de la energía en el desarrollo de sus capacidades para implementar SGE que les permitan aumentar su competitividad. La cooperación internacional es clave para conseguir recursos que permitan apoyar este tipo de programas en México, se tiene cooperación con Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt – PTB, Danish Energy Agency, UNIDO, entre otros. Se destacan las redes de aprendizaje como herramientas valiosas para este tipo de programas ya que tienen objetivos generales como reducción de los costos de información, difusión y transferencia de tecnología e intercambio de experiencias, etc. El programa no se enfoca en la búsqueda de la certificación sino en la correcta implementación de los SGE.

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Noé Villegas Programa Nacional para Sistemas de Gestión de la Energía PRONASGEn CONUEE

PANEL DE EXPERTOS Como cierre del V Congreso Internacional de Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables – CIUREE 2016, se llevó a cabo un panel de expertos con el propósito de obtener conclusiones sobre los principales temas tratados durante los tres días del evento. Los panelistas fueron reconocidos representantes del sector académico, estatal y privado, con amplia trayectoria y manejo de temas de eficiencia y gestión energética desde sus respectivas áreas: Olga Gonzales de la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética – UPME, José Ramón Gómez del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo – BID y los profesores Enrique Quispe y Juan Carlos Campos, de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente y Universidad del Atlántico. El panel fue moderado por Omar Prías, director de la Red Colombiana de Conocimiento en Eficiencia Energética, RECIEE. La discusión se centró en la identificación de elementos y estrategias para impulsar de forma sostenible el mercado de la eficiencia energética, las energías renovables y la gestión energética en Colombia. Los panelistas resaltaron iniciativas como la generación de capacidades y conocimiento en eficiencia energética a través de las actividades de la red RECIEE y de otras entidades, la articulación EstadoEmpresa- Academia para garantizar el éxito en la estructuración técnica y financiera de proyectos de eficiencia energética y el esfuerzo para continuar con la reglamentación de la Ley 1715 de 2014. De igual forma, se destacó que los recursos financieros y voluntades de las partes para adelantar programas de eficiencia energética, son fundamentales. Aun cuando se tiende a considerar que no hay recursos para desarrollar estos programas, si existen diversos mecanismos para financiarlos con posibilidades de acceso a fondos internacionales, no obstante los proyectos deben ser pertinentes y bien estructurados para poder acceder a estos recursos. Desde el sector académico se expuso que el avance de Colombia en temas de eficiencia y gestión energética se ha debido en gran medida al apoyo del gobierno, que ha financiado la mayoría de proyectos en el área desde el 2005 hasta la fecha. Como posibles elementos que podrían dinamizar la temática, se propuso que la ISO 50001 sea una bandera para el avance de la gestión de la energía en el país y que se establezca un reglamento de gestión energética, similar a otros ya existentes como el RETILAP. En este contexto, a la academia le corresponde seguir creando herramientas para aportar valor mediante la implementación de la norma en las empresas, ya que si la industria conoce las bondades de la gestión y eficiencia energética, empezaría a demandar la implementación de estos sistemas y a dinamizar el mercado. Se expuso que no solo se deben centrar los esfuerzos del lado de la oferta, sino también del lado de la demanda, para que los usuarios finales sean capaces de identificar la necesidad y bondades que tiene la implementación de un sistema de gestión de la energía. También se resaltó la importancia de trabajar sobre los decisores de las empresas, es decir, el nivel estratégico. Finalmente, algunos participantes del público en el cierre del evento realizaron valiosos aportes a la discusión reiterando la necesidad de fortalecer la unión Universidad-Gobierno- Empresa para sacar adelante los temas de eficiencia y gestión energética y volverlos una realidad. Para ello, haría falta un actor que realice la integración, entendiendo la falta de capacidad de las industrias para gestionar proyectos.

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En este orden de ideas, el cuarto actor que hace falta para lograr la integración de los tres anteriores, podría ser una consultoría de gestión que mediante un modelo de negocio permita que las empresas le apuesten a esos gestores o consultores. De esta forma, cuando la empresa empiece a percibir mayores beneficios, podría aumentar demandar la demanda de servicios y fortalecer el mercado. Otro aspecto que se puso a consideración es la percepción de la industria nacional de que si no existe una obligación para la implementación de sistemas de gestión, no se comenzarán a tomar medidas para adelantarlos. Lo anterior puede ser contrarrestado por acciones de actores externos que generen presión al mercado, por ejemplo proveedores o clientes que exijan certificaciones de sistemas de gestión o realicen visitas de verificación, de manera similar a lo que ocurre con las medidas ambientales para reducciones de emisiones de carbono. Este podría ser otro camino para impulsar el mercado de la eficiencia y gestión energética de forma sostenible en el país. Como conclusión general, se señaló que en los últimos años el país ha realizado acciones efectivas que han modelado un escenario propicio para la creación y fomento de un mercado de eficiencia energética, que requiere de acciones prontas para ser aprovechado. Entre las fortalezas del país se resaltó la activa participación del sector académico, actor que en otros referentes internacionales no ha mostrado un papel activo; y el papel del estado que, además de financiar iniciativas de promoción, en los últimos años ha llevado a la luz normativas de importancia como el Reglamento Técnico de Etiquetado (RETIQ) y la ley 1715. Entre las debilidades, se menciona que los recursos provenientes de fuentes nacionales e internacionales se han enfocado en asesorías y no se ha logrado su orientación efectiva a proyectos productivos o a la reconfiguración de capacidades del sector industrial. Orientar los recursos actuales hacia las necesidades reales de los diferentes sectores de consumo, requerirá de un trabajo mancomunado de los actores ya existentes, el involucramiento activo de nuevos actores y mayor celeridad en el desarrollo de acciones de impacto.

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CIUREE

V Congreso Internacional en Eficiencia, Gestión Energética y Energías Renovables

Cartagena - Colombia 03 - 05 Febrero de 2016

ISSN: 2539-0287 EDITORIAL UN