Glossary paws /UGh/ patas; poutas, gadoupas, garras

introduction

pig /UBZ/ porco, cocho

apple /'DUo/ mazá

post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos

aunt /EmW/ tía

rabbit /'pDVBW/ coello

bakery /'VMYLpi/ panadaría

river /'pBdL/ río

bank /VDnY/ banco

rollerblading /'pNoLVoMXBn/ patinaxe en liña

basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto

sandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalias

bear /VCL/ oso

sausage /'gFgBb/ salchicha

beef /VAc/ vitela, tenreira

scarf /gYEc/ bufanda

boots /VIWg/ botas

sheep /iAU/ ovella/s

butcher’s /'VHaLh/ carnizaría

shirt /iKW/ camisa

cabbage /'YDVBXj/ col, repolo

shorts /iGWg/ pantalóns curtos

café /'YæcM/ cafetaría, café

skiing /'gYABn/ esquí

cheese /aAh/ queixo

snake /gmMY/ serpe

chemist’s /'YClBgWg/ farmacia

snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/ snowboard, surf de neve

church /WiKa/ igrexa

socks /gFYg/ calcetíns, peúgos

cinema /'gBmLlL/ cine cloudy /'YoPXi/ neboado/a, bretemoso/a cool /YIo/ fresco/a cousin /'YJhm/ curmán/á cow /YP/ vaca cycling /'gOYoBn/ ciclismo daughter /'XGWL/ filla deer /XBL/ cervo desert /'XChLW/ deserto dress /XpCg/ vestido face /cMg/ cara fur /cK/ pelo, pelaxe, pel giraffe /bL'pEc/ xirafa gorilla /ZL'pBoL/ gorila grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ avós grape /ZpMU/ uva ham /kDl/ xamón hat /kDW/ gorro/a; sombreiro, chapeu

stomach /'gWJlLY/ barriga, bandullo strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/ amorodo stream /gWpAl/ arroio, regueiro sunny /'gJmi/ asollado/a (it’s ~: vai sol) surfing /'gKcBn/ surf sweet shop /'grAW iFU/ tenda de lambonadas tail /WMo/ cola, rabo tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis tongue /WJn/ lingua trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalóns T-shirt /'WAiKW/ camiseta volleyball /'dFoiVGo/ voleibol, balonvolea warm /rGl/ cálido/a, temperado/a yoghurt /'qFZLW/ iogur

unit 1

hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital

avocado /DdL'YEXN/ aguacate

island /'OoLmX/ illa

bacon /'VMYLm/ touciño entrefebrado

jacket /'bDYBW/ chaqueta

baked /VMYW/ asado/a, ao forno

jeans /bAmh/ pantalóns vaqueiros

biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta

juice /bIg/ zume

broccoli /'VpFYLoi/ brócoli

lamb /oDl/ año, cordeiro

butter /'VJWL/ manteiga

lettuce /'oCWBg/ leituga

cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor

library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca

cherry /'aCpi/ cereixa

melon /'lCoLm/ melón

chilli /'WiBoi/ guinda

monkey /'lJnYi/ mono

crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritas/fritidas (de bolsa)

mouth /'lPe/ boca

decompose /XAYLl'UNh/ descomporse

mushroom /'lJipHl/ cogomelo

delicious /XB'oBiLg/ gorentoso/a

neck /mCY/ pescozo

develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver, elaborar

orange /'FpBmb/ laranxa

dissolve /XB'hFod/ disolverse

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

1

Glossary drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn aFYoLW/ chocolate (á taza) Dutch /XJa/ holandés/esa

cartoonist /YE'WImBgW/ debuxante de banda deseñada, humorista gráfico/a

environmental /BmdOpLm'lCmWo/ medioambiental, ecolóxico/a

cheerful /'aRco/ ledo/a, alegre

fresh /cpCi/ fresco/a

dark /XEY/ escuro/a

fried /cpOX/ frito/a, fritido/a

disappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ decepcionante

frozen /'cpNhm/ conxelado/a

drawing /'XpGBn/ debuxo

grilled /ZpBoX/ (asado/a) á grella

dull /XJo/ apagado/a, amortuxado/a

jam /bDl/ marmelada

exciting /BY'gOWBn/ apaixonante; emocionante

lemonade /oClL'mCBX/ limoada (Am. Eng.); refresco, gasosa de limón (Br. Eng.)

extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario/a

lentils /'oCmWBoh/ lentellas

graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ graffiti, pintadas

mashed potatoes /lDiW UL'WMWNh/ puré de patacas

graffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/ artista de graffiti, grafiteiro/a

milkshake /'lBoYiMY/ batido

hide /kOX/ ocultar(se), agochar(se)

compete /YLl'UAW/ competir

gloomy /'ZoIli/ sombrío/a, tristeiro/a, triste

move /lId/ mudarse

however /kP'CdL/ porén, non obstante

muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli (cereal para o almorzo)

imaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/ imaxinativo/a

nuts /mJWg/ froitos secos

improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar

oily /'Qoi/ aceitoso/a, graxento/a

invisible /Bm'dBhLVo/ invisíbel

omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla

light /oOW/ claro/a

order /'GXL/ pedir

(be) lying /(VA) 'oOBn/ (estar) deitado/a

package /'UDYBb/ envase

mermaid /'lKlCBX/ serea

prawns /UpGmh/ gambas

modern /'lFXm/ moderno/a

quick /YrBY/ rápido/a

mosaic /lN'hMBY/ mosaico

raspberry /'pEhVLpi/ framboesa

mural /'lqHLpLo/ (pintura) mural

raw /pG/ cru/úa

ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corrente

salmon /'gDlLm/ salmón

painter /'UCBmWL/ pintor/a

salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a

painting /'UCBmWBn/ cadro, pintura

serving /'gKdBn/ ración

photograph /'cNWLZpEc/ fotografía

share /iS/ compartir, partillar

photographer /cL'WFZpLcL/ fotógrafo/a

shock /iFY/ choque

potter /'UFWL/ oleiro/a; ceramista

sour /'gPL/ agre, acedo/a

pottery /'UFWLpi/ olaría; cerámica

spicy /'gUOgi/ picante; moi condimentado/a

predator /'UpCXLWL/ predador

spinach /'gUBmBWi/ espinacas

realistic /piL'oBgWBY/ realista

steak /gWMY/ filete

sculptor /'gYJoUWL/ escultor/a

sweet /grAW/ doce

sculpture /'gYJoUaL/ escultura

take (time) /'WMY (WOl)/ tardar (tempo)

shape /iMU/ forma, figura

toast /WLHgW/ torrada

sketch /gYCa/ esbozo, bosquexo

tonne /WJm/ tonelada

special /'gUCio/ especial

tuna /'WqImL/ atún

stand /gWæmX/ posto

Yuck! /qJY/ Agh!

surprising /gL'UpOhBn/ sorprendente wearable /'rCLpLVo/ que se pode levar (posto/a), poñíbel

unit 2 unit 3

advert /'DXdKW/ anuncio advertising /'DXdLWOhBn/ publicidade

agree /L'ZpA/ consentir; estar de acordo

at work /LW 'rKY/ traballando, a traballar

amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, incríbel

bright /VpOW/ (de cor) viva

attitude /'æWBWqIX/ actitude

cartoon /YE'WIm/ debuxos animados; viñeta, banda deseñada

bat /VDW/ raqueta, pa (ping-pong); bate

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

2

Glossary blind /VoOmX/ cego/a

unit 4

brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a challenging /'aDoBmbBn/ que supón un desafío / reto course /YGg/ percorrido

backpack /'VDYUDY/ mochila boarding pass /'VGXBn UEg/ tarxeta de embarque cave /YMd/ cova

crawl /YpGo/ arrastrarse

comb /YNl/ peite

elbow pads /'CoVLH UDXh/ cobadeiras

complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse

fit /cBW/ en forma goggles /'ZFZoh/ lentes de natación / baño

deep /XAU/ profundo/a, fondo/a

golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ pau de golf

die /XO/ morrer

hang /kæn/ pendurar, colgar, estar pendurado/a, colgado/a

endless /'CmXoLg/ unha infinidade de field /cAoX/ campo, eido; prado

helmet /'kColBW/ casco

flat /coæW/ chan/chá

hike /kOY/ facer sendeirismo / unha andaina

flight /coOW/ voo

hop /kFU/ dar chimpos

follow /'cFoN/ seguir (a)

ice skates /'Og gYMWg/ patíns de xeo

get on /ZCW 'Fm/ subir(se) a (vehículo)

jog /bFZ/ facer footing

glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar

kill /YBo/ matar

ground /ZpPmX/ chan

kneepads /'mAUDXh/ xeonlleiras

hairbrush /'kCLVpJi/ cepillo (para o pelo)

leap /oAU/ brincar

hand luggage /'kæmX oJZBb/ equipaxe de man

mouth guard /'lPe ZEX/ protector bucal

journey /'bKmi/ viaxe

mud /lJX/ lama, barro

leave /oAd/ saír de

net /mCW/ rede

main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista

pull /UHo/ tirar, turrar de

mind /lOmX/ mente (get something out of one’s ~: tirar algo da cabeza)

push /UHi/ empurrar rollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/ patíns (de rodas) en liña skate /gYMW/ patinar skateboard /'gYMWVGX/ monopatín

notice /'mNWBg/ decatarse, darse conta pack (a backpack) /UDY (L 'VDYUDY)/ meter cousas na (mochila) passport /'UEgUGW/ pasaporte

ski /gYA/ esquiar skip /gYBU/ brincar, choutar; saltar á corda skis /gYAh/ esquí(s)

path /UEe/ camiño, sendeiro phone charger /'cNm WiEbL/ cargador do teléfono prevent /UpB'dCmW/ evitar, previr; impedir

slide /goOX/ esvarar, escorregar snowboard /'gmNVGX/ táboa de snowboard solve /gFod/ resolver, solucionar

Pyrenees /UBpL'mAh/ Pireneos remove /pB'lId/ quitar(se) rocky /'pFYi/ rochoso/a, penedoso/a

speed /gUAX/ velocidade

sandy /'gDmXi/ areoso/a, areento/a

surfboard /'gKcVGX/ táboa de surf swimming cap /'grBlBn YDU/ gorro de natación / baño swing /grBn/ abanear, abalar; mover (raqueta) take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ ter lugar, desenvolverse tennis racket /'WCmBg pDYBW/ raqueta de tenis tough /WJc/ duro/a

security check /gB'YqHLpLWi aCY/ control de seguridade shallow /'iDoN/ pouco fondo/a shampoo /iDl'UI/ xampú sleeping bag /'goAUBn VDZ/ saco de durmir soap /gNU/ xabón steep /gWAU/ costento/a

trampoline /'WpDlULoAm/ cama elástica

storm /gWGl/ tormenta, treboada

trick /WpBY/ reviravolta

suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta

unbelievable /JmVB'oAdLVo/ incríbel water bottle /'rGWL VFWo/ botella de auga

sun cream /'gJm YpAl/ crema (de protección) solar swamp /grFlU/ pantano, lameira, lamazal tent /WCmW/ tenda de campaña tomb /WIl/ tumba, sepultura toothbrush /'WIeVpJi/ cepillo de dentes

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

3

Glossary toothpaste /'WIeUCBgW/ pasta de dentes

powerful /'UPLco/ poderoso/a

torch /WGa/ lanterna

proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a

towel /'WPLo/ toalla

raincoat /'pMmYNW/ gabardina

travel guide /'Wpædo ZOX/ guía de viaxe

relaxed /pB'oæYgW/ relaxado/a

wallet /'rFoBW/ carteira, billeteira

reporter /pB'UGWL/ reporteiro/a, xornalista

waterfall /'rGWLcGo/ cascada, fervenza

sailor /'gMoL/ mariñeiro/a

X-ray /'CYgpM/ de raios X

scared /gYCLX/ asustado/a, amedoñado/a secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ secretario/a several /'gCdLpo/ varios/as

unit 5 announcement of death /L'mPmglLmW Ld XCe/ (nota) necrolóxica archeologist /EYi'FoLXjBgW/ arqueólogo/a author /'GeL/ autor/a

soldier /'gNobL/ soldado spy /gUO/ espía stormy /'gWGli/ tempestuoso/a, tormentoso/a

battle /'VDWo/ batalla, loita businessperson /'VBhmLgUKgLm/ empresario/a confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confuso/a, confundido/a cover /'YJdL/ portada

sundial /'gJmXOLo/ reloxo de sol umbrella /Jl'VpCoL/ paraugas upset /JU'gCW/ desgustado/a, molesto/a, amolado/a villain /'dBoLm/ mao/má, malo/a

death /XCe/ morte

waiter /'rMWL/ camareiro

delighted /XB'oOWBX/ encantado/a

worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a

dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective

unit 6

director /XL'pCYWL/ director/a disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/a, desilusionado/a disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/ anoxado/a

affordable /L'cGXLVo/ asequíbel, de prezo razoábel belt /VCoW/ cinto cap /YæU/ gorra

electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista

casual /'YæjHLo/ informal, de sport

embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/a exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, esgotado/a fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ namorarse

century /'gCmaLpi/ século coat /YNW/ abrigo cold /YNoX/ arrefriado, catarreira, constipado

farmer /'cElL/ granxeiro/a

comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ cómodo/a

furious /'cqHLpiLg/ furioso/a, irado/a

designer /XB'hOmL/ de deseño / marca

guilty /'ZBoWi/ culpábel

diplomat /XBUoL'lDW/ diplomático/a

huntsman /'kJmWglLm/ cazador jealous /'XjCoLg/ envexoso/a; ciumento/a joke /bNY/ brincadeira

disgusting /XBg'ZJgWBn/ noxento/a, repugnante earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes elegant /'CoBZLmW/ elegante

judge /bJb/ xuíz/a

fashionable /'cæimLVo/ moderno/a; á / de moda

lawyer /'oGqL/ avogado/a

flip-flops /'coBUcoFUg/ chancletas

magic /'lDbBY/ maxia magician /lL'XhjBim/ mago/a; feiticeiro/a marry /'lDpi/ casar con media /'lAXBL/ medios de comunicación optimistic /FUWB'lBgWBY/ optimista

formal /'cGlo/ formal; de etiqueta gloves /ZoJdh/ luvas handbag /'kæmXVæZ/ bolso (de man) high heels /kO 'kAoh/ zapatos de tacón hot /kFW/ grande aceptación

pip /UBU/ semente, pebida play /UoM/ facer (o papel) de, interpretar a police officer /UL'oAg FcBgL/ policía

shout /iPW/ berrar

stay /gWM/ seguir sendo, a ser / seguir estando, a estar

banker /'VDnYL/ banqueiro/a

plumber /'UoJlL/ fontaneiro/a

shoot /iIW/ disparar

last /oEgW/ durar latest /'oMWBgW/ (o / a) último/a / máis recente leggings /'oCZBnh/ mallas loose /oIg/ solto/a, folgado/a

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

4

Glossary matching /'læWiBn/ a xogo

moon /lIm/ lúa

miniskirt /'lBmigYKW/ minisaia

myth /lBe/ mito

necklace /'mCYoLg/ colar

name after /mMl 'EcWL/ chamar como, poñer o nome de

old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda

path /UEe/ traxectoria

outdated /PW'XMWBX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda

planet /'UoDmBW/ planeta

pass (law) /UEg (oG)/aprobar (lei)

planetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/ planetario

Persian /'UKjLm/ persa

predict /UpB'XBYW/ predicir, prognosticar, prever

practical /'UpDYWBYo/ práctico/a

protect /UpL'WCYW/ protexer (a)

recycling bin /pA'gOYoBn VBm/ cubo de reciclaxe

pull /UHo/ atraer, exercer forza de atracción sobre

ring /pBn/ anel

repair /pB'UCL/ arranxar

rubbish dump /'pJVBi XJlU/ vertedoiro

shine /iOm/ brillar, escintilar

sleeve /goAd/ manga

sky /gYO/ ceo

slippers /'goBULh/ zapatillas

solar system /'gNoL gBgWLl/ sistema solar

spotlight /'gUFWoOW/ centro de atención

space colony /'gUMg YFoLmi/ colonia / hábitat espacial

sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ lentes de sol

spaceship /'gUMgiBU/ nave espacial

tie /WO/ gravata

spacesuit /'gUMggIW/ traxe espacial

tight /WOW/ axustado/a, cinguido/a, apertado/a tracksuit /'WpDYgIW/ chándal

stand in the sun /gWæmX Bm fL 'gJm/ estar (exposto/a) ao sol

trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno/a, á / de moda

star /gWE/ estrela

watch /rFa/ reloxo (de pulso)

sun /gJm/ sol

plan /UoDm/ planear, proxectar

sunlight /'gJmoOW/ (luz do) sol take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ pasar, ocorrer

unit 7

telescope /'WCoBgYNU/ telescopio

ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a

turn /WKm/ xirar, dar voltas

astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/ astronauta

war /rG/ guerra

astronomer /L'gWpFmLlL/ astrónomo/a blood /VoJX/ sangue

unit 8

build /VBoX/ construír crazy thing /'YpMhi eBn/ loucura

appear /L'UBL/ aparecer

design /XB'hOm/ deseñar

Arctic /'EYWBY/ Ártico

discover /XB'gYJdL/ descubrir dream /XpAl/ soñar

basketball court /'VEgYBWVGo YGW/ cancha / pista de baloncesto

Earth /Ke/ Terra

breathe /VpAf/ respirar, alentar

earthquake /'KeYrMY/ terremoto

bus stop /'VJg gWFU/ parada de autobús

examine /BZ'hDlBm/ investigar, estudar; pescudar

car park /'YE UEY/ aparcamento

explore /BY'gUoG/ explorar

city square /gBWi 'gYrS/ p  raza da cidade

god /ZFX/ deus

clean up /YoAm 'JU/ limpar

gravity /'ZpDdLWi/ gravidade

corner /'YGmL/ recanto, esquina

Great Wall of China /ZpCBW rGo Ld 'WiOmL/ Gran Muralla Chinesa

cut down /YJW 'XPm/ cortar, talar

increase /'BmYpAg/ aumentar

department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacéns

damage /'XDlBXj/ danar

land /oDmX/ aterrar; aluar; caer

destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruír

length /oCne/ duración

disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desaparecer

Mars /lEh/ Marte

dome /XNl/ (recinto con forma de) cúpula

Martian /'lEim/ marciano/a

endangered /Bm'XMmbLX/ en perigo (de extinción)

meteor /'lAWiL/ meteorito

factory /'cæYWpi/ fábrica

miss /lBg/ perderse

football pitch /'cHWVGo UBWi/ campo de fútbol

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

5

Glossary global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ quecemento global

electronic /BoCY'WpFmBY/ electrónico/a

hole /kNo/ burato

enormous /B'mGlLg/ enorme

hotel /kN'WCo/ hotel

flash /coæi/ flash

huge /kqIb/ enorme, gran(de)

GPS /bA UA 'Cg/ GPS

hurry /'kJpi/ bulir

headset /'kCXgCW/ auriculares

indoors /Bm'XGh/ nun lugar cuberto, dentro

hi-tech /kO'WCY/ (de) alta tecnoloxía

make ill /lMY 'Bo/ afectar á saúde de mask /lEgY/ máscara

indispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/ imprescindíbel, indispensábel

melt /lCoW/ derreter(se)

keypad /'YAUDX/ teclado

office /'FcBg/ oficina

memory card /'lClLpi YEX/ tarxeta de memoria

outdoors /PW'XGh/ ao aire libre, fóra

obsolete /'FVgLoAW/ obsoleto/a

pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller, recoller

photo gallery /'cNWN ZDoLpi/ galería de fotos

pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar

population /UFUqI'oMim/ poboación

progress /'UpNZpCg/ avanzar, desenvolverse

portable /'UGWLVo/ portátil

recycle /pA'gOYo/ reciclar

rainforest /'pMmcFpBgW/ bosque / selva tropical

reuse /pA'qIh/ reutilizar, volver usar

record /'pCYGX/ gravar

rise /pOh/ subir

remarkable /pB'lEYLVo/ notábel

roundabout /'pPmXLVPW/ rotonda

ringtone /'pBnWNm/ ton de chamada

survive /gL'dOd/ sobrevivir; resistir; subsistir

screen protector /'gYpAm UpLWCYWL/ protector de pantalla

swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ piscina

SIM card /gBl 'YEX/ tarxeta SIM

theatre /'eBLWL/ teatro

sophisticated /gL'cBgWBYMWBX/ sofisticado/a

throw out /epN 'PW/ tirar

useful /'qIgco/ útil

tin /WBm/ lata, bote

useless /'qIgoLg/ inútil, inservíbel

traffic light /'WpDcBY oOW/ semáforo

video recorder /'dBXiLH pBYGXL/ (cámara de) vídeo

train station /'WpMm gWMim/ estación de tren

voicemail /'dQglMo/ caixa de voz

use up /qIh 'JU/ esgotar, gastar

way of life /rM Ld 'oOc/ estilo de vida

waste /rMgW/ desperdiciar, desbaldir

Wi-Fi /'rO cO/ wifi

x times the safe level /CYg WOlh fL gMc 'oCdo/ x veces por riba do nivel recomendado zebra crossing /hCVpL 'YpFgBn/ paso de cebra / peóns

unit 9 alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/ espertador amazed /L'lMhX/ asombrado/a, abraiado/a battery /'VDWpi/ batería become ill /VB'YJl Bo/ caer / poñer(se) enfermo/a bionics /VO'FmBYg/ biónica calendar /'YæoBmXL/ calendario camera /'YælLpL/ cámara case /YMg/ funda chief /aAc/ xefe/a, cacique climb /YoOl/ escalar contact /'YFmWDYW/ contacto contemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/ contemporáneo/a deaf /XCc/ xordo/a display /XB'gUoM/ pantalla efficient /B'cBimW/ eficiente, eficaz

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

6

Speaking Glossary introduction Formal and Informal Introductions My name is (Mrs Green). /lO mMl Bh (lBgBh 'ZpAm)/ Chámome (Sra. Green). Pleased to meet you, (Mrs Green). /UoAhX WL 'lAW qI (lBgBh ZpAm)/ Encantado /a de coñecela, (Sra. Green). Welcome to (Devonshire School). /'rCoYLl WL (XCdLmiL gYIo)/ Benvido/a a (Devonshire School). Hi, I’m (Dylan). /kO Ol ('XBoLm)/ Ola, son (Dylan). Nice to meet you, (Dylan). /mOg WL 'lAW qI (XBoLm)/ Encantado/a de coñecerte, (Dylan). Come and meet my friends, (William). /YJl LmX lAW lO 'cpCmXh (rBoBLl)/ Ven coñecer os meus amigos, (William). (Megan, Emma), this is (William). /(lCZLm ClL) fBg Bh ('rBoBLl)/ (Megan, Emma), este é (William).

Classroom Language Please be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Calade / Silencio, por favor Can you help me, please? /YLm qI 'kCoU lA UoAh/ Pode(s) axudarme, por favor? When is the (project) due? /rCm Bh fL ('UpFXjCYW) XqI/ Cando hai que entregar (o traballo / proxecto)? Open your books to page (10). /NULm qG VHYg WL UCBb ('WCm)/ Abride os libros pola páxina (10). Who knows the answer? /kI mNh fA 'EmgL/ Quen sabe a resposta? You’re late. /qHL 'oCBW/ Chegas tarde. Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qI pB'UAW fæW UoAh/ Pode(s) repetir iso, por favor? Can I borrow a (pen), please? /YLm O VFpN L ('UCm) UoAh/ Podo coller emprestado / Empréstasme (un bolígrafo), por favor?

unit 1 Ordering Food Would you like anything to (drink)? /rHX qI oOY CmieBn WL ('XpBnY)/ Quere (beber) algo?, Queere algo para (beber)? Do you want (chips) or (salad) with that? /XI qI rFmW ('aBUg) G ('gDoLX) rBf fDW/ Quere (patacas fritas / fritidas) ou (ensalada) con iso? Is that takeaway or to eat here? /Bh fDW 'WMYLrM G WI AW kBL/ Iso é para levar ou para xantar aquí? What would you like? /rFW rHX qI 'oOY/ Que quere? Are you ready to order? /E qI pCXi WI 'GXL/ Está listo/a para pedir? I want to eat here, please. /O rFmW WI AW 'kBL UoAh/ Quero xantar aquí, por favor. Yes, I am. /qCg O 'Dl/ Si. I’d prefer (salad). /OX UpBcK ('gDoLX)/ Preferiría (ensalada). I love (chips). /O oJd ('aBUg)/ Encántanme (as patacas fritas / fritidas). I’d like (an omelette), please. /OX oOY (Dm 'FloLW) UoAh/ Quería (unha tortilla), por favor. Yes, I’d like (some lemonade). /qCg OX oOY (gLl oClL'mCBX)/ Si, quería (un refresco de limón).

Making Suggestions Would you like (takeaway)? /rHX qI oOY ('WMYLrM)/ Queres ((comida) para levar)? How about (fish)? /kP LVPW ('cBi)/ E (que che parece) (peixe)? Do you feel like (Chinese food) (tonight)? /XI qI cAo oOY (WiO'mAh cIX) (WLmOW)/ Apetéceche (comida chinesa) (esta noite)? (Italian food) is great! /(B'WDoBLm cIX) Bh ZpCBW/ (A comida italiana) é moi boa! I don’t really like (Chinese food). /O XNmW pALoi 'oOY (WiOmAh cIX)/ Non me gusta moito (a comida chinesa). (Fish) is OK, but I’d prefer (Italian food). /(cBi) Bh NYM VLW OX UpBcK (B'WDoBLm cIX)/ (O peixe) está ben, mais preferiría (comida italiana). I’m always ready for (pizza). /Ol 'GorCBh pCXi cL (UAWgL)/ Sempre estou listo/a para (comer) (pizza). Let’s try (the Italian restaurant on Oak Street). /oCWg WpO (fL B'WDoBLm pCgWpFmW Fm NY gWpAW)/ Probemos (o restaurante italiano de Oak Street).

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

7

Speaking Glossary That’s a great idea. /fDWg L 'ZpMW OXBL/ Esa é unha idea moi boa. Yes, (takeaway) is fine. /qCg (WMYLrM) Bh 'cOm/ Si, (para levar) está ben.

unit 2 Asking for Information When does the (festival) start? /rCm XJh fL (cCgWBdo) 'gWEW/ Cando comeza (o festival)? What are the (festival) hours? /rFW E fL (cCgWBdo) 'PLh/ Que horario ten (o festival)? What is there to see and do at the (festival)? /rFW Bh fCL WL gA LmX 'XI DW fL (cCgWBdo)/ Que hai en (o festival) para ver e facer? How much do tickets cost? /kP lJa XL 'WBYBWg YFgW/ Canto custan as entradas?

Describing Pictures The painting shows (a family in a bedroom). /fL UCBmWBn iLHh (L cDlLoi Bm L 'VCXpIl)/ No cadro vese (unha familia nun cuarto). In the painting, we can see (some dancers). /Bm fL UCBmWBn rA Yæm gA (gLl 'XEmgLh)/ No cadro, podemos ver / vense (algúns bailaríns). In the background, there are (some clothes). /Bm fL VæYZpPmX fCL L (gLl 'YoNfh)/ No fondo, hai (algo de roupa). There are also some (children’s toys) in the painting. /fCL L GogN gLl (WiBoXpLmh 'WQh) Bm fL UCBmWBn/ Tamén hai algúns (xoguetes para nenos) no cadro. A (girl) is wearing (a white hat). /L (ZKo) Bh rCLpBn (L 'rOW kDW)/ (Unha rapaza) leva posto (un chapeu / gorro branco).

unit 3 Responding to Requests No, I’m using them (this afternoon). /mN Ol 'qIhBn fCl (fBg EcWLmIm)/ Non, vounos/as empregar (esta tarde). Sure. I’ll get them for you. /'iHL Oo ZCW fCl cG qI/ Claro. Tráiochos/as. Of course. It’s in the (garage). /Ld 'YGg BWg Bm fL ('ZDpEj)/ Por suposto. Está en (o garaxe). OK. But I need them for (tomorrow). /NYM VLW O mAX fCl cG (WL'lFpN)/ Vale. Pero precísoos/as para (mañá). Sorry, but my (sister’s) got it. /gFpi VLW lO ('gBgWLh) ZFW BW/ Síntoo, mais teno/a a miña (irmá). No problem. Just return it (next week). /mN 'UpFVoLl bJgW pB'WKm BW (mCYgW rAY)/ Sen problemas. Simplemente vólveo/a (a semana que vén). Can I borrow your (skateboard)? /YLm O VFpN qG ('gYMWVGX)/ Podo coller emprestado / Empréstasme o teu (monopatín)? Thanks. Can you lend me your (rollerblades), too? /'eDnYg YLm qI oCmX lA qG ('pNoLVoMXh) WI/ Grazas. Empréstasme os teus (patíns en liña) tamén? Can I use your (tennis racket)? /YLm O qIg qG ('WCmBg pDYBW)/ Podo empregar a túa (raqueta de tenis)? Oh, never mind. /N 'mCdL lOmX/ Ah, non pasa nada.

Comparing Sports It’s a (water) sport. It’s more (dangerous) than (swimming) and it’s more (difficult) than (swimming), too. /BWg L ('rGWL) gUGW BWg lG ('XMmbLpLg) fLm (grBlBn) LmX BWg lG ('XBcBYLoW) fLm (grBlBn) WI/ É un deporte (de auga). É máis (perigoso) que (a natación) e é máis (difícil) que (a natación) tamén. It’s the (cheapest) and (easiest) sport in the world. /BWg fL ('aAUBgW) LmX (AhiBgW) gUGW Bm fL rKoX/ É o deporte (máis barato) e (máis doado) do mundo. It’s a (winter) sport, but it isn’t as (expensive) as (skiing). /BWg L ('rBmWL) gUGW VLW BW BhmW Dh (BYgUCmgBd) Dh (gYABn)/ É un deporte (de inverno), mais non é tan (caro) como (o esquí). It’s the most popular sport in my country. /BWg fL lNgW 'UFUqLoL gUGW Bm lO YJmWpi/ É o deporte máis popular / coñecido no meu país. You need a (helmet) to do it, but it’s (safer) than (rollerblading). /qI mAX L ('kColBW) WL XI BW VLW BWg (gMcL) fLm (pNoLVoMXBn)/ Precisas (un casco) para practicalo, mais é (máis seguro) que (a patinaxe en liña).

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

8

Speaking Glossary

unit 4 At the Airport Can I see your passport, please? /YLm O gA qG 'UEgUGW UoAh/ Podo ver o seu pasaporte, por favor? How many suitcases have you got? /kP lCmi 'gIWYMgBh kDd qI ZFW/ Cantas maletas ten? Is the flight on time? /Bh fL coOW Fm 'WOl/ O voo sae puntual? You’re in seat (10A). /qHL Bm gAW ('WCm M)/ Está no asento (10A). Here’s your boarding pass. /kBLh qG 'VGXBn UEg/ Aquí ten a súa tarxeta de embarque. I’m on the (6 o’clock) flight to (Tenerife). /Ol Fm fL ('gBYg LYoFY) coOW WL (WCmLpAc)/ Viaxo no voo das (6) a (Tenerife). Have a nice flight. /kLd L mOg 'coOW/ Que teña un feliz voo. What’s the gate number? /rFWg fL 'ZMW mJlVL/ Cal é o número de porta?

Talking About a Trip Where did (Paul) go? /'rCL XBX (UGo) ZLH/ A onde foi (Paul)? Who did (he) go with? /kI XBX (kA) 'ZLH rBf/ Con quen foi? How did (they) get there? /kP XBX (fM) 'ZCW fCL/ Como chegaron alí? How long did it take (them)? /kP oFn XBX BW 'WMY (fCl)/ Canto (tempo) tardaron? What did (they) do there? /rFW XBX (fM) 'XI fS/ Que fixeron alí? What was it like? /rFW rLh BW 'oOY/ Como foi?

unit 5 Talking About Films and TV Programmes What’s it called? /rFWg BW 'YGoX/ Como se chama? What’s it about? /rFWg BW L'VPW/ De que vai / trata? Who are the main characters? /kI E fL lCBm 'YDpLYWLh/ Quen son os protagonistas? Did you like it? /XBX qI 'oOY BW/ Gustouche? What type of film is it? /rFW WOU Ld 'cBol Bh BW/ Que tipo de película é?

Describing Past Events What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou? Where did it happen? /rCL XBX BW 'kæULm/ Onde ocorreu / pasou? What was (the girl) doing? /rFW rLh (fL ZKo) 'XIBn/ Que estaba a facer (a rapaza)? What did (she) look like? /rFW XBX (iA) 'oHY oOY/ Que aspecto tiña? How do you think (she) felt? /kP XL qI eBnY (iA) 'cCoW/ Como cres que se sentiu?

unit 6 Expressing Opinions I think those (earrings) are (beautiful). /O eBnY fNh (BLpBnh) E ('VqIWBco)/ Creo que (eses pendentes) son (fermosos). I don’t like that (tie). I think it’s too (dark). /O XNmW oOY fDW ('WO) O eBnY BWg WI ('XEY)/ Non me gusta (esa gravata). Penso que é demasiado (escura). In my opinion, this (coat) is (extraordinary). /Bm lO L'UBmqLm fBg (YNW) Bh (BYgWpGXLmpi)/ Na miña opinión, (este abrigo) é (extraordinario). I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo. Well, I disagree. /rCo O 'XBgLZpA/ Ben, non estou de acordo. You’re right. /qHL 'pOW/ Levas / Tes razón.

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

9

Speaking Glossary Giving Advice My advice is to (wear trainers) for (school). /lO LX'dOg Bh WL (rCL WpMmLh) cL (gYIo)/ O meu consello é (levar zapatillas de deporte) para (o colexio). It’s a good idea to (wear a coat) in (winter). /BWg L 'ZHX OXR WL (rCL L YNW) Bm (rBmWL)/ É boa idea (levar abrigo) en (inverno). It isn’t a good idea to (buy tight shoes). /BW 'BhmW L ZHX OXR WL (VO WOW iIh)/ Non é boa idea (mercar zapatos apertados / axustados). You should definitely (wear trendy clothes). /qI iLX 'XCcBmLWoi (rCL WpCmXi YoNfh)/ Sen dúbida deberías (poñer roupa moderna). You shouldn’t (buy uncomfortable clothing). /qI 'iHXmW (VO JmYJlcWLVo YoNfBn)/ Non deberías (mercar roupa incómoda). In my experience, (casual) clothes are best for (school). /Bm 'lO BYgUBLpiLmg (YæjHLo) YoNfh E VCgW cL (gYIo)/ Segundo a miña experiencia, a roupa (informal) é o mellor para (o colexio).

unit 7 Talking About Plans Where are you going (this weekend)? /'rCL E qI ZNBn (fBg rAYCmX)/ A onde vas (esta fin de semana)? Who is going with you? /'kI Bh ZLHBn rBf qI/ Quen vai contigo? How are you going to get there? /kP E qI ZLHBn WL 'ZCW fCL/ Como ides chegar alí? What are you going to do there? /rFW L qI ZLHBn WL 'XI fS/ Que ides facer alí? What time are you going? /rFW WOl L qI 'ZLHBn/ A que hora marchades?

Making Predictions Where will people live in (20 years)? /'rCL rBo UAUo oBd Bm (WrCmWi qRh)/ Onde vivirá a xente dentro de (20 anos)? Do you think children will go to school? /XI qI eBnY WiBoXpLm rBo ZLH WL 'gYIo/ Cres que os nenos irán ao colexio? How long do you think people will live? /kP oFn XI qI eBnY UAUo rBo 'oBd/ Canto cres que vivirá a xente? Will people have (pets)? /rBo UAUo kDd ('UCWg)/ A xente terá (mascotas)? How will people get from place to place? /kP rBo UAUo ZCW cpLl 'UoMg WL UoMg/ Como irá a xente dun sitio a outro? I predict they’ll (study at home). /O UpBXBYW fMo (gWJXi LW 'kNl)/ Sospeito que (estudarán na casa). Maybe they’ll (build houses in trees). /lMVi fMo (VBoX kPgBh Bm 'WpAh)/ Talvez (constrúan casas nas árbores). Probably about (100 years). /UpFVLVoi LVPW (L kJmXpLX 'qRh)/ Probabelmente / Seica uns (100 anos).

unit 8 Giving Directions turn right /WKm 'pOW/ xira / vira á dereita go straight /ZLH 'gWpMW/ sigue recto cross the street /YpFg fL 'gWpAW/ cruza a rúa turn left /WKm 'oCcW/ xira / vira á esquerda Excuse me. I'm lost. Can you help me? /BY'gYqIg lA Ol 'oFgW YLm qI 'kCoU lA/ Desculpe. Estou perdido/a. Pódeme axudar? Certainly. Where do you want to go? /'gKWmoi rCL XL qI rFmW WL 'ZLH/ Desde logo / Abofé. A onde quere ir? How do I get there? /kP XI O 'ZCW fCL/ Como chego alí? You’ll see the (theatre) on the (left), opposite the (department store). /qIo gA fL (eBLWL) Fm fL ('oCcW) FULhBW fL (XB'UEWlLmW gWG)/ Verá (o teatro) á (esquerda), diante de (os grandes almacéns).

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

10

Speaking Glossary Talking About Experiences Have you ever (picked up someone else's rubbish)? /kDd qI CdL (UBYW JU gJlrJm CogBh 'pJVBi)/ Algunha vez (recolliches o lixo doutro)? Have you (walked to school) recently? /kDd qI (rGYW WL gYIo) 'pAgLmWoi/ Fuches (andando ao colexio) hai pouco tempo? Have you (had lunch) yet? /kDd qI (kDX 'oJma) qCW/ (Comiches) xa? Have you (lived in the same house) since (you were born)? /kDd qI (oBdX Bm fL gMl kPg) gBmg (qI rL 'VGm)/ Viviches (na mesma casa) desde que (naciches)? Have you ever been to (the theatre)? /kDd qI CdL VAm WL (fL 'eBLWL)/ Algunha vez estiveches en (o teatro)? Have you (used your mobile phone) yet today? /kDd qI (qIhX qG lNVOo 'cNm) qCW WLXM/ Xa usaches (o teléfono móbil) hoxe?

unit 9 Agreeing and Disagreeing I think you’re wrong. /O eBnY qHL 'pFn/ Creo que erras / non tes razón. That’s true. /fDWg 'WpI/ Iso non é verdade / certo. I disagree. /O 'XBgLZpA/ Non estou de acordo. You’re right. /qHL 'pOW/ Levas razón. I don’t think so. /O XNmW 'eBnY gN/ Paréceme / Creo que non. I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo. Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Seguro., Sen dúbida. That’s a good point. /fDWg L 'ZHX UQmW/ Niso tes / levas razón. No way! /mN 'rM/ Nin falar!, De ningún xeito! Not necessarily. /mFW mCgL'gCpLoi/ Non necesariamente.

Talking About Inventions Who was it invented by? /'kI rLh BW BmdCmWBX VO/ Quen o inventou? When was it invented? /'rCm rFh BW BmdCmWBX/ Cando se inventou? Where was it invented? /'rCL rFh BW BmdCmWBX/ Onde se inventou? What was it used for? /rFW rLh BW 'qIhX cG/ Para que se usou? Why was it special? /rO rLh BW 'gUCio/ Por que foi especial?

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

11

Grammar Appendix introduction to be, have got O verbo to be significa “ser / estar”. En presente ten tres formas: am, is e are, que adoitan contraer co pronome persoal suxeito. En negativa engádese a partícula not ás tres formas, ou a contracción n’t ás formas is e are. En interrogativa, o verbo ponse diante do suxeito e o verbo. As respostas curtas fórmanse co pronome persoal suxeito e o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Are they at the bank? No, they aren’t. They’re at the cinema. (Están no banco? Non. Están no cine.) O verbo have got significa “ter” e expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. En presente ten dúas formas, have got e has got. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t (haven’t / hasn’t). En interrogativa ponse Have / Has + o suxeito + got. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito e have / haven’t ou has / hasn’t, sen got. Have you got a pig? No, I haven’t, but I’ve got a rabbit. (Tes un porco? Non, pero teño un coello.)

There is / There are There is e There are significan “hai”. There is vai diante de nomes contábeis en singular e de nomes non contábeis. There are vai diante de nomes contábeis en plural. There is a snake in the desert. (Hai unha serpe no deserto.) There is cheese in the sandwich. (Hai queixo no sándwich.) There are books in the library. (Hai libros na biblioteca.) A negativa fórmase engadindo not ou a contracción n’t a is e are. There are not / aren’t T-shirts in the shop. (Non hai camisetas na tenda.) En interrogativa ponse Is / Are diante de there. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Is there beef on the menu? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. (Hai tenreira na carta? Hai. Si. / Non.)

El Present Simple O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios. Adoita ir acompañado das seguintes expresións temporais: every day (todos os días), at night (pola noite), on + día da semana en plural, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Tamén se empregan estes adverbios de frecuencia: always (sempre), usually (polo xeral), often (a miúdo), sometimes (ás veces, algunhas veces), rarely (estraña / rara vez) y never (nunca, xamais). I always play tennis with my brother. (Sempre xogo ao tenis co meu irmán.) Surfing is a water sport. (O surf é un deporte acuático.) I love strawberries. (Encántanme os amorodos.) The post office opens at 9.00. (A oficina de correos abre ás 9.) En afirmativa é o mesmo que o infinitivo sen to, agás na 3ª persoa do singular, na que se engade -s. Nalgúns casos, dependendo da terminación do verbo, engádese -es: • Se remata en ss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes • Se remata en o: do ➝ does

teach ➝ teaches

mix ➝ mixes

go ➝ goes

• Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i antes de engadirlle a terminación -es: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo. I don’t play basketball. (Non xogo ao baloncesto.) En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + o verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t, segundo corresponda. Do you like skiing? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Gústache o esquí? Gústame. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de do / does. Where do you buy medicine? (Onde mercas medicinas?) Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

12

Grammar Appendix O Present Continuous O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar ou no período de tempo presente. Adoita ir acompañado das expresións temporais: at the moment (neste momento), now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora), today (hoxe), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Barry is swimming in the river. (Barry está a nadar no río.) A afirmativa fórmase co presente do verbo to be + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing ao verbo: • Se remata en e mudo, perde o e: arrive ➝ arriving • Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: put ➝ putting • Se é de 2 sílabas e se pronuncia como palabra aguda, dóbrase a consoante final: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning • Se ten 2 sílabas e remata nun l, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelling • Se remata en ie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y: die ➝ dying En negativa engádese a partícula not ás formas am, is e are, ou a contracción n’t a is e are. Your sister isn’t wearing the red dress. (A túa irmá non leva posto o vestido vermello.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito seguido de am, is ou are, mais nas negativas is e are contraen coa partícula not. Is he playing tennis at the moment? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Está a xogar ao tenis neste momento? Está. Si. / No.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de am / is / are. What is he doing now? (Que está a facer agora?)

Check Yourself! 1

Choose the correct answer. 1. It has got / is / am cloudy today. 2. I have got / has got / am six cousins. 3. You have got / Have you got / Are you a new jacket? 4. The chemist’s aren’t / are / isn’t on Green Street. 5. They are / Are they / They aren’t at the cinema? 6. A bear hasn’t got / haven’t got / have got a long tail. 7. There are / There is / Are there five oranges in my bag. 8. There is / Are there / Is there a café near your house?

2

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple. (wear) jeans and a T-shirt. 1. He usually they often (meet) at this café? 2. (not like) cabbage. 3. Rob (play) tennis twice a week. 4. I Tyler always (ride) her bike to school? 5.

3

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous. (go) rollerblading right now. 1. I you (watch) a film at the moment? 2. (jump) from tree to tree. 3. Look at the monkey. It (not use) my calculator right now. You can use it. 4. I Dad (work) now? 5. Where Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

13

Grammar Appendix

unit 1 Os cuantificadores Os cuantificadores empréganse para falar de cantidades non exactas. • a  / an (un/ha) emprégase con nomes contábeis en singular diante dun substantivo que non é coñecido polo falante. Escríbese an cando o substantivo que o segue comeza por vogal. I have got a biscuit. (Teño unha galleta.) There is an avocado. (Hai un aguacate.) • some (uns/has, algúns/nhas, algo de, un pouco de [ou non se traduce]) emprégase con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. We’ve got some apples. (Temos [algunhas] mazás.) There is some coffee. (Hai [algo de] café.) • a  ny emprégase con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. En frases negativas significa “ningún/ha, nada de” ou non se traduce. En frases interrogativas significa “algún/unha, algúns/nhas, algo de” ou non se traduce. There aren’t any sausages. (Non hai salchicha ningunha. / Non hai salchichas.) Have you got any tuna? (Tes [algo de] atún?) • a lot of (moito/a/os/as, unha morea de) emprégase con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. I eat a lot of oranges. (Como moitas laranxas.) There is a lot of food. (Hai moita comida.) • many (moitos/as) emprégase con nomes contábeis en plural. There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Hai moitos tomates no frigorífico.) • much (moito/a) só se emprega en oracións negativas e interrogativas e con nomes non contábeis. I haven’t got much time. (Non teño moito tempo.) • H  ow much? (Canto/a?) emprégase diante de nomes non contábeis. Cando vai co verbo to be serve para preguntar o prezo dunha cousa. How much fruit do you want? (Canta froita queres?) How much is a kilo of apples? (Canto custa / é un quilo de mazás?) • How many? (Cantos/as?) só pode ir con nomes contábeis en plural. How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Cantos tomates precisas para a ensalada?) O artigo the ten un emprego semellante ao dos cuantificadores. The significa “o, a, os, as” e emprégase con nomes contábeis e non contábeis diante dun substantivo coñecido polo falante.  I’ve got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Teño [algunhas] pizzas. As pizzas son do supermercado.)

1

Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some. avocado • omelette • carrot • flour • ice cream • sugar spinach • bacon • biscuit • water • olive • cherry Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

Singular

Plural

an avocado

some avocados

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

14

Grammar Appendix 2

Choose the correct answer.



1. There is a fantastic film at the cinema. I want to see

a. some

b. the

2. There isn’t

b. an

3. I want to eat

a. a

4. There is 5. I want



c. some

b. a lot of

c. much

water, please. b. an

6. This is a popular film.

a. Much

3

croissant and some hot chocolate.

muesli. Do you want some?

a. a

c. any

b. an

a. many

c. any

sugar in my coffee.

a. a

film.

c. some

people want to see it.

b. Many

c. Any

Complete the sentences with the words below. Use each word once. a • an • a lot of • some • much • any • many a lot of 1. There is chocolate ice cream – two boxes!



2. Are there



3. There’s



4. I always have



5. I don’t want



6. There is



7. Don’t use all the milk. There isn’t

4

Complete the questions with How much or How many.



1.

sugar do you want in your coffee?



2.

calories are there in a chocolate bar?

calories in a cheeseburger with bacon? new café on Oxford Street. orange juice in the morning. olives on my pizza. umbrella in the cupboard. milk in the fridge.

3.

time do you need?

4.

money have you got?

5.

people are there on the bus?

Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1. How much / How many milk do you buy every week? 2. There aren’t some / any tomatoes in the salad. 3. There isn’t much / many time before the exam. 4. How much / How many cucumbers do you need for the salad? 5. There are a lot of / much nuts in the cake. 6. He’s got a / the new smartphone. 7. There is any / some butter on the toast. 8. I'm having an / a omelette for breakfast. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

15

Grammar Appendix

unit 2 Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar. I usually make pottery, but now I’m making a sculpture. (Polo xeral fago cerámica, mais agora estou a facer unha escultura.) As expresións temporais axudan a diferenciar un tempo do outro. Os verbos “estáticos” Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gustos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, posesión e percepción. Refírense a estados, non a accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. She likes art. (A ela gústalle a arte.)

1

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.



1. I often



2. My parents



3. Julia



4. He

(draw) pictures of hands. (not understand) modern art. (study) art twice a week. (not want) to go to the art exhibition.

5.

you

(like) painting?

6.

Jim

(take) photographs for newspapers?

2

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.



1. Look! They



2. Shhh! I

3.

(paint) a mural on that wall. (watch) my favourite TV programme. she

4. You

5.

(use) the computer at the moment? (not listen) to me now.

you

(draw) sketches in the art lesson now?



6. He

3

Choose the correct answer.



1. Do you eat / Are you eating dinner together every evening?



2. Right now she is sitting / sits next to me in class.



3. I often am losing / lose my pencils.



4. Hilda and I don’t speak / aren’t speaking at the moment.



5. Many people don’t think / aren’t thinking graffiti is art.

(not study) right now, so he can help us.

6. Are you reading / Do you read any good books at the moment?

4

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.



1. He



2. Right now, I

(wait) for you at the museum.



3. The sculptor

(work) now.



4. She usually



5. At the moment, the students



6. I

(not like) Alice’s paintings.

(use) bright colours. (not sit) in the classroom.

(not need) the dictionary right now.

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

16

Grammar Appendix 5

Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.



1. you / use / the camera / right now



2. why / Dave / sit / at my desk / today



3. what / they / do / at the moment



4. you / like / Dalí’s paintings



5. when / the museum / open / on Sundays



6. who / Mum / talk to / right now



7. how / you / know / my name



8. where / the art teacher / usually / keep / the paintbrushes



Check Yourself! Complete the sentences below with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. 1. Right now, we

(do) a photography project in art class.

2. Mr Larson

(not own) this art gallery.

3.

you

4.

they always

5. Right now, they 6.

(study) art on Tuesday? (not watch) TV.

Myra often

7. That graffiti artist 8. Mark usually

(make) a mosaic now?

(go) to the museum? (paint) a picture on the wall of our school now.

(paint) in his studio, but at the moment he (sketch) in the garden. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

17

Grammar Appendix

unit 3 O comparativo e o superlativo O comparativo de superioridade emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: • A  os adxectivos curtos (de 1 sílaba, ou de 2 e rematos en y) engádeselles a terminación -er e detrás ponse a partícula than. Skis are longer than snowboards. (Os esquís son máis longos que as táboas de snowboard.) • Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more e detrás than. Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (O tenis é máis emocionante que o voleibol.) O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por “(non) tan... como / coma”. Elbow pads are as cheap as kneepads. (As cobadeiras son tan baratas como as xeonlleiras.) Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal non é tan alto como Pau Gasol.) O superlativo emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre as demais. Para formalo tamén cómpre ter en conta a lonxitude do adxectivo: • A  os adxectivos curtos (de 1 sílaba, o de 2 acabados en y) engádeselles a terminación -est e diante ponse o artigo the. You’re the tallest person in the team. (Es a persoa máis alta do equipo.) • Os adxectivos longos queda igual, mais levan diante the most. Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (O fútbol é o deporte máis popular do Reino Unido.) Regras ortográficas para engadir -er / -est: - Se remata en e mudo, só engade -r ou -st: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: heavy ➝ heavier, pretty ➝ prettiest, pero shy ➝ shyer, shyest As formas comparativa e superlativa dos adxectivos irregulares cómpre aprendelas de memoria. good ➝ better ➝ the best (bo, mellor, o mellor); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (malo/mao, peor, o peor)

1 Complete the sentences with the comparative

3 Write sentences with as … as or not as … as

form of the adjectives in brackets.

and the words below. Use the correct form of the verb to be.



1. Skateboarding is (dangerous) walking.



2. Russia is

(big) Canada.



3. A train is

(fast) a bus.





4. Running is rollerblading.

(safe)

5. Trainers are a T-shirt.

(expensive)

1. The snowboard and the skateboard cost £70 each.

The snowboard / expensive / skateboard The snowboard is as expensive as the skateboard.

2. New York is bigger than Amsterdam.

Amsterdam / big / New York

2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.





1. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is building in the world.



2.  cost $50,000.



3.  (fast) car in the world can go 430 kilometres an hour.



4. August is usually of the year.



5. The Ironman is one of races in the world.

(tall)

3. Both an ostrich and a zebra can run 80 kilometres an hour.

zebra / fast / ostrich

(expensive) trainers in the world



(hot) month

4. Broccoli is healthier than crisps.

crisps / healthy / broccoli

(difficult)

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

18

Grammar Appendix too … / (not) … enough Too vai diante do adxectivo e sinala que a cualidade expresada por este é excesiva. Significa “de máis / demasiado”. Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike é lacazán de máis para practicar deporte.) It’s too hot to play tennis. (Vai calor de máis para xogar ao tenis.) Enough ponse detrás do adxectivo e significa “(o) bastante/abondo” ou “(o) suficientemente”. She’s tall enough to play basketball. (É (o) bastante/ abondo alta para xogar ao baloncesto.) En cambio, not + adxectivo + enough indica que algo é insuficiente e significa “non (o) bastante / abondo” ou “non (o) suficientemente”. David is not tall enough to play volleyball. (David non é (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente alto para xogar ao voleibol.) He didn’t consider me good enough for his football team. (Non me consideraron (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente bo para o seu equipo de fútbol.)

4

Complete the sentences with too … / (not) … enough and the adjectives in brackets.



1. I want to be a doctor, but my marks at school are



2. I don’t like Indian food. It’s



3. Annie is 18. She is



4. I don’t like romance movies. They are



5. This book is 500 pages. It’s



6. These shoes are size 37 and I wear size 38. They are

. (good) for me. (spicy)

(old) to get a driving licence. (sentimental) for me. (long) for me. (big) for me.

Check Yourself! Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentence in bold. 1. Norman is 1.70 metres tall. Sam is 1.72 metres tall.

5. Mark is the tallest boy in our class.

a. Norman is shorter than Sam.

b. Everyone in the class is shorter than Mark.

b. Norman is as tall as Sam.

c. Everyone in the class is as tall as Mark.

c. Norman is taller than Sam.

6. This bag is too small for a laptop.

2. Mark and John play basketball better than the other students.

a. The bag is big enough for a laptop.

a. They are the worst players in the class. b. They are not as good as the other students.

a. Everyone in the class is taller than Mark.

b. The bag is too big for a laptop. c. The bag isn’t big enough for a laptop.

c. They are the best players in the class.

7. Gina’s Café has always got a lot of customers. The Metro Café is always empty.

3. These trainers are size 41 and I wear size 40.

a. Gina’s Café is the most popular café in town.

a. These trainers are too small for me.

b. The Metro Café is as popular as Gina’s.

b. These trainers are not big enough for me.

c. Gina’s Café is more popular than the Metro.

c. These trainers are too big for me. 4. The red shoes are prettier than the pink ones.

8. I think that apples are the most delicious fruit.

a. The red shoes are uglier than the pink ones.

a. Apples are more delicious than bananas.

b. The pink shoes aren’t as pretty as the red ones.

b. Apples aren’t as delicious as bananas.

c. The pink shoes are the prettiest.

c. Bananas are as delicious as apples. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

19

Grammar Appendix

unit 4 O Past Simple O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, yesterday (onte), last month (o mes pasado), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. I went to New York last month. (Fun a Nova York o mes pasado.) O Past Simple dos verbos regulares fórmase engadindo -ed á forma base do verbo. Para iso cómpre reparar nestes regras ortográficas: • Se remata en e mudo, só se engade -d: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced • Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried • Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w ou x, dóbrase a consoante: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed • Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dóbrase a última consoante: prefer ➝ preferred pero listen ➝ listened • Se remata en l, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelled Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre aprender de memoria as súas formas de pasado (ver páxs. 33-34). A negativa fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas do singular e plural. Julie didn’t bring her passport. (Julie non trouxo o seu pasaporte.) En interrogativa ponse Did + suxeito + verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did / didn’t, segundo corresponda. Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Viviches en París? Vivín. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de did. Where did you meet her? (Onde a coñeciches?)

1

Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple.



1. We



2. Yesterday, I beautiful pictures in the park.



3. They Mountains.

(take) some

(hike) up the Pennine



4. Alice and I yesterday.



5. We

2

Write questions in the Past Simple.



1. when / they / live / in Australia

(not play) tennis (not see) a film last week.



3. what / you / eat / for dinner / yesterday



4. where / she / get / those / cool boots



Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple. 1. Yesterday, we Cyprus to Rhodes.

(sail) from

2.  they you on Saturday?

(help)

3. Alex because he was ill.

(not play) in the game

4. She ten minutes ago.

(send) me a text message

5. Where (find) that ugly dog?

2. you / call / Sandra / last night



Check Yourself!

(go) on a tour of London.

she

6.  you (remember) to take your passport? 7. I 8. Last year, I jacket in Italy.

5. why / they / leave / early / this morning

(not take) my phone charger. (buy) a beautiful Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

20

Grammar Appendix There was / There were Son as formas de pasado de There is y There are e, polo tanto, significan “había” ou “houbo”. Tradúcense sempre en singular, aínda que en inglés haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural. There was sinala que había unha cousa, sexa un nome contábel en singular ou un non contábel. There was a swamp in the forest. (Había un pantano no bosque.) There was some sun cream in the bag. (Había crema solar na bolsa.) There were sinala que había dúas cousas ou máis, e por iso se emprega con nomes contábeis en plural. There were caves in the forest. (Había covas no bosque.) En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t (wasn’t / weren’t). There weren’t any clothes in the suitcase. (Non había roupa na maleta.) En interrogativa ponse Was / Were diante de there, e nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal. De seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Were there any waterfalls in the river? Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t. (Había fervenzas no río? Había. Si. / Non.)

3

Complete the sentences with the correct form of There was or There were.



1. I saw many interesting animals in Kenya.



2.



3. The stadium was full.

lions, elephants, zebras and giraffes.

a good tent at the shop, but it was very expensive. any empty seats.

4.

any tuna, so I made you a cheese sandwich.

5.

a lot of people at the photography exhibition in the park?

Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1. There was / There were an excellent film at the cinema last week. 2. There was / There were some interesting people at the party. 3. Was there / Were there oranges at the supermarket? 4. There wasn’t / There weren’t many people at the football match. 5. There was / There were a lot of work to do before the party. 6. There was / Was there a travel guide about Thailand in the bookshop? 7. There weren’t / There wasn’t any buses yesterday because of the snowstorm. 8. There were / There was a lot of children at the park on Saturday. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

21

Grammar Appendix

unit 5 O Past Continuous O Past Continuous emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Adoita empregarse con estas expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, at + unha hora, last night (esta noite), yesterday morning / afternoon (onte pola mañá / tarde), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. En afirmativa fórmase con was / were + un verbo rematado en -ing. I was watching a documentary yesterday afternoon. (Estaba a ver un documental onte pola tarde.) We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Estabamos a ver a televisión mentres ela estaba a ler un libro.) En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a was / were (wasn’t e weren’t). The police officers weren’t examining the house last night. (Os policías non estaban a examinar a casa esta noite.) En interrogativa ponse Was / Were + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito e was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t. Was he wearing black clothes? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. (Levaba posta roupa negra? Levaba. Si. / Non.) Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de was / were. What were you doing at ten o’clock? (Que estabas a facer ás dez en punto?)

1  Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

Check Yourself!

Use the Past Continuous.

1. They park at 3.00.



2. We Saturday morning.



3. I 8.00.



(play) football in the (eat) breakfast on (not watch) the news at

4. The electrician in our flat all morning.



5. The girls court yesterday afternoon.

(work) (use) the tennis

2 Write questions with the words below. Use the

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous. 1. I started to rain.

2.  Alice when the fire started?

4. What you (do) at 9.00 last night?

Past Continuous.

5. David and I midnight.

1. they / jog / in the park at 5.00

6. 

3. you / sit / next to Dana / during the exam



(chat) online at Alexis and Alan (have) dinner at 8.00?

7. Nellie (not wear) her school uniform when I saw her.

2. why / he / cry



(sleep)

3. He (not use) the phone when the accident happened.



(walk) the dog when it

8. The detective (take) pictures when he saw something strange.

4. what / they / do / outside the school / last night

Answers, see page 32



5. why / the detective / take pictures of our shoes



Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

22

Grammar Appendix Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple O Past Simple sinala que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous fala de accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. She watched a James Bond film last night. (Viu unha película de James Bond esta noite.) He was reading a book yesterday afternoon. (Estivo a ler un libro onte pola tarde.) Empréganse os dous tempos xuntos para sinalar que no medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous. When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window. (Cando chegou a policía, o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.) The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window. (A policía chegou mentres o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.)

3

Choose the correct answer.



1. Matt drove / was driving a red car when I saw him.



2. While Oliver was tidying his room, he found / was finding some money.



3. I saw a strange man while I walked / was walking in the park.



4. The men were working on our street when I was leaving / left home.



5. While we were working / worked in the garden, they were making dinner.

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in



brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. 1. We Alex message.



1. While they train, they bought magazines.



2.  it (snow) when you arrived in New York City?

2.  while she bike?



3. Mathew were having dinner.

3. The monkeys while we



4. I was shopping when I (lose) my wallet.

(wait) for the

(call) while we

5. The students (not read) the article when the headmaster came in.

(eat) dinner when (send) me a text Grace

4. We film while we Sydney. 5. When they house, the baby (not sleep). 6.  you school when you my message?

(fall) (ride) her (play) (watch) them. (see) a good (fly) to (leave) the

(walk) to (get)

7. While Kim and Jackie (make) pottery, Dean (paint). 8. While I train, someone my backpack.

(sleep) on the (take) Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

23

Grammar Appendix

unit 6 Os modais Son verbos auxiliares, polo que sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base (infinitivo sen to). Non se conxugan, así que non hai que engadir -s na 3ª persoa do singular. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n't ao verbo modal, e en interrogativa ponse o verbo modal + o suxeito + o verbo na forma base. • Should emprégase para dar ou pedir consellos e para dicir o que se debería ou non facer. He should wear his new coat. (Debería poñer o seu abrigo novo.) • Must significa “deber” e expresa a obriga e a necesidade ou conveniencia de facer algo. You must wear formal clothes. (Debes poñer roupa formal.) • M  ustn’t expresa prohibición, que algo non está permitido, e tamén que algo non se debe facer porque non convén ou non é correcto facelo. Girls mustn’t wear miniskirts at school. (As rapazas non deben levar minisaias ao colexio.) • C  an significa “saber” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso. My sister can play the piano very well. (A miña irmá sabe tocar o piano moi ben.) You can find the gloves in many colours. (Podes atopar as luvas en moitas cores.) • C  ould é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. She could swim when she was four years old. (Sabía nadar cando tiña catro anos.) I couldn’t buy a tracksuit yesterday. (Onte non puiden mercar un chándal.) En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso ou favores, pero de maneira máis educada que con can. Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Poderías prestarme os teus pendentes para a festa?) • H  ave to significa “ter que” e expresa, como must, a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo. A diferenza é que have to si se conxuga e, por iso, a forma para a 3ª persoa do singular é diferente (has to). Ademais, emprégase nos tempos que must non ten. He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Ten que rematar os deberes esta tarde.) It was late and they had to leave. (Era tarde e tiveron que marchar.) En negativa ponse don’t / doesn’t have to + o verbo, e significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”. You don’t have to dress like that. (Non tes que / por que vestirte así.) Lembra que have to significa o mesmo que must, pero don’t have to e mustn’t non son equivalentes. You don’t have to go. (Non tes que / por que ir.) [non é preciso] You mustn’t go. (Non debes ir.) [está prohibido] En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo. E nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t. Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Teño que levar gravata? Tes. Si. / Non.)

1 Complete the sentences below with should or shouldn’t.

2

Choose the correct answer.



1. You must / mustn’t close the window. It’s raining.



1. Students school.

wear high heels at

2. The mobile phone must / mustn’t get wet.



2. Everyone on a hot day.

drink a lot of water



3. The plane is going to arrive soon. We must / mustn’t be late.



3. Max doesn’t know anything about computers. He give people advice.



4. Lessons start at 8.00, so students must / mustn’t be at school by 8.00.



4. You wedding.



5. You can wear my earrings but you must / mustn’t return them tomorrow.



5. That dress is beautiful. You wear it for the party.

wear flip-flops at a

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

24

Grammar Appendix 3

Complete the sentences with can, can’t, could or couldn’t.



1. My dad was an excellent athlete. When he was my age, he



2. Look!



3. My brother is very fast. He



4. Jenny is only four years old. She



5. I

4

Write the sentences with the correct form of have to.



1. you / buy / special shoes / for basketball

run a marathon.

you see the deer? run 10 kilometres in 30 minutes. read or write.

call you yesterday because I lost my phone.



2. I / get up / early / on school days



3. we / not buy / a new atlas / for the geography lesson



4. tonight / Myra / be / home / by 9.00



5. it’s a formal event so men / wear / a jacket and tie



Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1.

you finish this today?

a. Can 2. You

b. Should

a. should 3.

b. couldn’t

4. I’m sorry. I

b. Do you have to

c. Could you

come yesterday because I was ill.

a. shouldn’t

b. couldn’t

c. can’t

go to the party or study for the exam? What do you think?

a. Do I have to

b. Can I

6. Shh! Mum is sleeping. You a. mustn’t 7. I

c. shouldn’t

be 18 to have a driving licence?

a. Can you

5.

c. Must

climb the hill in those high heels. You can fall.

c. Should I make any noise.

b. must

c. can

go now. The last bus is in 10 minutes.

a. could 8. You

b. must

c. shouldn’t

help me. I can do it alone.

a. should

b. don’t have to

c. have to Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

25

Grammar Appendix

unit 7 O futuro • Will emprégase para anunciar accións ou feitos futuros, para predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá e para expresar decisións súbitas que se toman no momento de falar e que non estaban proxectadas. En afirmativa adoita contraerse co suxeito ('ll) e en negativa coa partícula not (won't). En interrogativa vai diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won’t. Tourists will travel in space in the future. (Os turistas viaxarán polo espazo no futuro.) Will astronauts reach Mars soon? No, they won’t. (Os astronautas chegarán pronto a Marte? Non.) • B  e going to significa “ir / non ir” + infinitivo. Emprégase para falar de plans e intencións e para expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso. He is going to use a telescope. (El vai empregar un telescopio.) Is she going to have a baby? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. (Vai ter un bebé? Vai. Si. / Non.) • O  Present Continuous valor de futuro anuncia o que con toda seguridade ocorrerá no futuro próximo pois xa se fixou de antemán. Debe ir sempre canda unha expresión temporal para que non se confunda co Present Continuous normal. We’re going to the planetarium this Saturday. (Imos / Iremos ao planetario este sábado.) • C  os tempos de futuro adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais: soon (pronto, axiña, nun pouco), later (máis tarde, logo), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), next week / year (a semana / o ano que vén), in an hour (dentro de unha hora), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adóitanse pór ao final.

1

Complete the sentences with will or won’t.



1. One day, people



2. I have to study for a maths test tomorrow, so I have time to play football.



3. I’m sure he



4.  dress?

visit Mars.

get the prize. I look elegant enough in this

5. It’ll be great. You

be disappointed.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to.

1. We this summer.



2. On Friday, I



3.  you to the concert in the park?



4. This summer, we our uncle in Florida.

(visit)



5. Next week, Alex a tree house in the garden.

(build)

(not fly) to Australia (buy) a dress. (go)

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.

Use the Present Continuous with future meaning. travel • come • sing • return • not run



1. What time to the party tomorrow?



2. I



3. We



4. He in the marathon next week because he broke his leg.



5.  on Saturday?

you

from my trip tomorrow night. to New York this summer.

she

Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1. Alice wants to be a doctor, but she won’t get into / will get into medical school because her marks aren’t very good. 2. We are going to go / Are we going to go on a bike trip next week? 3. He won’t like / will like the soup. It’s too salty. 4. She isn’t sailing / is sailing tomorrow because it’ll be stormy. 5. You are watching / Are you watching the game on Saturday? 6. Charles enjoys exploring the sky with his telescope. One day he will discover / won’t discover a new star. 7. I am not going to climb / am going to climb the mountain because it’s too steep. 8. You are going to learn / Are you going to learn how to play the violin?

in concert Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

Answers, see page 32

26

Grammar Appendix O primeiro condicional Emprégase para dicir o que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada. A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición, e un verbo con will no resultado. We’ll go to the cinema if you finish your homework soon. (Iremos ao cine se acabas axiña os teus deberes.) Se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre esta e o resultado. If you finish your homework soon, we’ll go to the cinema. (Se acabas pronto os teus deberes, iremos ao cine.) Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro ou ambos os dous. If you don’t repair the computer, I’ll use the tablet. (Se non arranxas o ordenador, usarei a tableta.) If you repair the computer, I won’t use the tablet. (Se arranxas o ordenador, non usarei a tableta.) If you don’t repair the computer, I won’t use it. (Se non arranxas o ordenador, non o usarei.)

4

Match A and B to form sentences.

A

B



1. If the plane lands at 7.00,

a. many people will want to live there.



2. Sam will build it

b. if we design it.



3. If they build a colony on the moon,

c. she will enjoy it.



4. The teacher will be angry

d. we will be in London by 9.00.



5. If she watches that film,

e. if we don’t do our homework.

5

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.



1. If it rains, we

(not go) to the beach.



2. I’ll call you if I

(need) your help.



3. She



4. If he



5. If it is very cold, it

(not be) happy if you forget her birthday. (not study), he will fail the exam. (snow).

Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional. 1. If you

(play) with that, it

2. If we

(look) at the Earth from space, we

3. We 4. If your bike 5. I 6. If you 7. If his dog 8. I

(break). (see) the Great Wall of China.

(visit) the space exhibition if tickets (break) again, I

(not be) too expensive. (not repair) it.

(understand) the instructions if someone (jump) from the wall, you (die), he (bring) a cake to the party if Alex

(explain) them to me. (hurt) yourself.

(be) very upset. (make) a pizza. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

27

Grammar Appendix

unit 8 O Present Perfect Simple O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para falar de: • accións pasadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis no presente. We have bought new clothes. (Mercamos roupa nova.) • accións ocorridas ao longo do tempo sen dicir cando. Mary has helped many people. (Mary axudou a moita xente.) • a ccións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan. Neste caso, adoita poñerse for ou since e ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente. I haven’t stayed at a hotel since last summer. (Non quedei / quedo nun hotel desde o verán pasado.) • accións que acaban de ocorrer. Daquela ponse just entre o auxiliar e o participio. I have just arrived at the bus stop. (Acabo de chegar á parada de autobús.) Este tempo fórmase con have / has + un verbo en participio (rematado en -ed se é regular, se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34). Cómpre lembrar que a forma contraída de have é ’ve e a de has é ’s. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a have / has (haven’t / hasn’t). I haven’t recycled anything this month. (Non reciclei nada este mes.) En interrogativa ponse Have / Has + o suxeito + un verbo en participio. E nas respostas curtas só se pon o pronome persoal suxeito + have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t. Have you ridden your bike to school? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Fuches en bici ao colexio? Fun. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais e adverbios: already (xa), always (sempre), never (nunca), ever (algunha vez [interrogativa]; nunca, xamais [negativa]), just (acabar de), recently (recentemente, hai pouco), yet (aínda, aínda [negativa]; xa [interrogativa]), for (durante [ou non se traduce]) e since (desde). Todas menos yet, for e since van entre have / has e o participio. Yet colócase ao final da frase, recently adoita poñerse ao final tamén, for vai seguida dun período de tempo e since vai diante do momento en que comezou a acción. We have never cut down a tree. (Xamais talamos unha árbore.) Have you arrived at the train station yet? (Xa chegaches á estación de tren?)

1

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.



1. My dad



2. That play



3. I

4.

(work) at that factory for 10 years. (be) at the theatre since Christmas. (not shop) at the new department store yet. you ever

5. I

never

6.

Marcus

2

(stay) at a hotel? (meet) anyone famous. (finish) cleaning up the kitchen?



Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple. not return • not call • eat • be • feed • not sleep



1. I’m not hungry. I



2. Alex is very tired. He



3. Emma will call you later. She

4.

already

anyone

5. I’m worried about Jane. She

6.

you

dinner.

for two nights. from the swimming pool yet. the dog today? since Saturday. to China?

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

28

Grammar Appendix 3

Choose the correct answer.



1. We have waited for Jane in the town square for / since half an hour.



2. We should go to the vet. The dog hasn’t eaten for / since yesterday.



3. I haven’t seen Alex for / since he moved to Leeds.



4. I have stood at this bus stop for / since an hour.



5. We haven’t been to the swimming pool for / since school started.

Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple. 1. They

(cut down) the big tree next to the train station.

2. Max and Sam 3.

(play) in the same basketball team since they were 10. anyone

(see) my phone?

4. Andrea and I

(not be) to the shopping centre since October.

5.

you

6.

Maxine already

(read) the book for our English lesson? (arrive) at the office?

7. Albert couldn’t come because he 8. Researchers

(feel) ill since Saturday.

(study) the problems of big cities for many years. Answers, see page 32

E XTRA! Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no pasado garda relación co presente, mentres que as accións en Past Simple non afectan ao presente. As expresións temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan cando ocorreu a acción. En cambio, as empregadas co Past Simple si especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu. My parents have gone to the theatre. (Meus pais foron ao teatro.) My parents went to the theatre last night. (Meus pais foron ao teatro esta noite.)

4

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.



1. I



2. Jasmine



3. My grandmother



4. They

(buy) a new handbag last week. (not do) her science project yet. never

(send) a text message.

(not explore) that area last year.

5.

you ever

6.

he

(draw) a cartoon? (go) to the department store yesterday?

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

29

Grammar Appendix

unit 9 A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado Coa voz pasiva saliéntase a acción do verbo e non o suxeito que a realiza, xa sexa porque non é importante ou se sobreentende, ou porque non se sabe quen é. En inglés emprégase moito a pasiva, mais en galego adoita traducirse o verbo na voz activa ou na forma impersoal con “se”. A afirmativa fórmase con to be en presente ou en pasado + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se é regular; se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34). A battery is needed to use the mobile phone. (Precísase unha batería para empregar o móbil.) I was given a new camera yesterday. (Agasalláronme cunha cámara nova onte.) En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t ao verbo to be, seguido do participio. A whiteboard wasn’t used in my classroom. (Na miña clase non se empregou unha pizarra branca.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be en presente ou pasado + o suxeito + o participio do verbo principal. E nas respostas curtas vai primeiro o pronome persoal suxeito e despois do verbo to be no tempo correspondente, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Is a calculator permitted in exams? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. (Permítese unha calculadora nos exames? Permítese. Si. / Non.) Se se quere amentar quen realiza ou realizou a acción, ponse o final da frase precedido de by. Tablets are used by many teens. (As tabletas son empregadas por moitos adolescentes.)

1

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.



1. The battery



2. Today, GPS systems



3. This computer



4. Headsets



5. This product

(put) in this part of the camera. (find) in mobile phones and tablets. (not use) every day. (wear) in the library, so students can listen to music or lectures. (produce) in our factory.



6. Mobile phones



7. Ice cream



8. Batteries

2

Write questions. Use the Present Simple Passive.



1. tigers / find / in Africa

(not allow) at our school. (make) with sugar and cream. (not sell) at the bookshop.



2. Chinese / teach / at this school



3. mobile phones / make / in Korea



4. who / invite / to the party



5. three languages / speak / in Switzerland



6. the time and date / show / on your telephone display



7. why / the boxes / send by train



8. where / the information / write



Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

30

Grammar Appendix 3

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.



1. The London Eye

(design) by seven architects.



2. The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper



3. The telescope



4. Computers

(paint) by Leonardo da Vinci. (not invent) by Galileo, but by Hans Lippershey in 1608. (not use) in homes till the 1980s.

5. Hamlet

(not write) by Dickens, but by Shakespeare.



6. Commercial CDs

(develop) in 1982.



7. The first website

(create) by CERN labs in Geneva.



8. These products

4

Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you. 1. Which languages was the computer manual written in ?



(not make) by our company.

The computer manual was written in English, Spanish, French and German.

2. When

?

The London Eye was opened on 31st December, 1999.

3. Where

?

The television was invented in the UK.

4. Who

?

The Hobbit was written by J. R. R. Tolkien.

5. When

?

The animals were fed this morning.

6. Why

?

The documents were thrown out because they were old.

7. When

?

Australia was discovered in 1606.

Check Yourself! 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive. 1. Electronic items

(not sell) at this shop.

2. The windows

(wash) once a week.

3. The dog

(feed) once a day.

4. The food

(not cook) in this kitchen.

5.

the cakes

(make) at the bakery?

6.

the work

(do) by computer?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive. 1. These shoes

(make) in Italy.

2. The dishwasher 3. When 4. 5. Pompeii 6. The boxes

(not use) yesterday. the skateboard the bottles

(invent)? (put) into the recycling bin?

(destroy) in 79 AD. (not reuse). They were thrown out. Answers, see page 32

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

31

Grammar Appendix

check yourself! answer key

Introduction, page 13, to be, have got, There is / There are, O Present Simple, O Present Continuous

Unit 5, page 23, Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple

1

1. were eating, sent 2. Did … fall, was riding 3. were playing, were watching 4. saw, were flying 5. left, wasn’t sleeping 6. Were … walking, got 7. were making, was painting 8. was sleeping, took



2

3

1. is 2. have got 3. Have you got 4. isn’t

5. Are they 6. hasn’t got 7. There are 8. Is there

1. wears 2. Do … meet 3. doesn’t like

4. play 5. Does … ride

1. am going 2. Are … watching 3. is jumping

4. am not using 5. is … working

1. a 2. c

Unit 1, page 15, Os cuantificadores 1. How much 2. any 3. much 4. How many

5. a lot of 6. a 7. some 8. an

Unit 2, page 17, Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous 1. are doing 2. doesn’t own 3. Are … making 4. Do … study

5. aren’t watching 6. Does … go 7. is painting 8. paints, is sketching

Unit 3, page 19, O comparativo e o superlativo; too … / (not) … enough 1. a 2. c

3. c 4. b

5. b 6. c

7. c 8. a

Unit 4, page 20, O Past Simple 1. sailed 2. Did … help 3. didn’t play 4. sent

5. did … find 6. Did … remember 7. didn’t take 8. bought

Unit 4, page 21, There was / There were 1. There was 2. There were 3. Were there 4. There weren’t

5. There was 6. Was there 7. There weren’t 8. There were

Unit 5, page 22, O Past Continuous 1. was walking 2. Was … sleeping 3. wasn’t using 4. were … doing

Unit 6, page 25, Os modais

5. were chatting 6. Were … having 7. wasn’t wearing 8. was taking

3. b 4. b

5. c 6. a

7. b 8. b

Unit 7, page 26, O futuro 1. won’t get into 2. Are we going to go 3. won’t like 4. isn’t sailing

5. Are you watching 6. will discover 7. am not going to climb 8. Are you going to learn

Unit 7, page 27, O primeiro condicional 1. play, will break 2. look, will see 3. will visit, aren’t 4. breaks, won’t repair

5. will understand, explains 6. jump, will hurt 7. dies, will be 8. will bring, makes

Unit 8, page 29, O Present Perfect Simple 1. have cut down 2. have played 3. Has … seen 4. haven’t been

5. Have … read 6. Has … arrived 7. has felt 8. have studied

Unit 9, page 31, A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado

1

2

1. aren’t sold 2. are washed 3. is fed 4. isn’t cooked 5. Are … made 6. Is … done 1. were made 2. wasn’t used 3. was … invented 4. Were … put 5. was destroyed 6. weren’t reused

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

32

Irregular Verb List BASE FORM (V1)

PAST SIMPLE (V2)

PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estar beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, converterse begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezar bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se) bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, rachar bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construír burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprar catch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar choose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixir come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachar do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñar drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comer fall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentar feel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se) fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atopar fly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voar forget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecer forgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoar freeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se) get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegar give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dar go /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ ir grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivar hang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurar have /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haber hear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvir hide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se) hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegar hold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar de ferir, mancar, magoar; doer hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter know /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecer lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estender lead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

33

Irregular Verb List BASE FORM (V1)

PAST SIMPLE (V2)

PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

GALEGO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saír leave /oAd/ lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar, deixar let /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixar lie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarse lie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentir light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prender lose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perder make /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricar mean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir coñecer a; xuntarse con meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagar put /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pór read /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ ler ride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montar ring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono) rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerse run /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ correr say /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicir see /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ver sell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vender send /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviar set /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocar shake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitar shine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilar shoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ disparar show /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinar shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar sing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantar sink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundir sit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentar sleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se) smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar speak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ falar spell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear spend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo) stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pé steal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubar stick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegar sweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrer swim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadar take /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levar teach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinar tear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazar tell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensar throw /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirar understand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entender wake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertar wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñerse win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañar write /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

34

Writing Guide ORGANIZA AS IDEAS (Organising your ideas)

A FINALIDADE DO TEXTO Purpose of writing Antes de comezar, debes ter claro o que queiras escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal se é un correo electrónico a un/ha amigo/a, e máis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.

ANTES DE ESCRIBIR Brainstorming 1. Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas relacionadas co tema (what?, who?, when?, where?, why?). 2. Leas e risca as que xulgues irrelevantes. 3. Pon as restantes na orde en que queiras presentalas.

Organización DO texto (Text organisation)

A ESTRUTURA DO PARÁGRAFO Paragraph structure Un parágrafo ten tres partes: • A primeira oración (opening sentence), que presenta a idea principal. • O corpo do parágrafo (body of paragraph), que amplía a idea principal con información importante. • A derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume a idea principal e a repite con outras palabras. Opening sentence: Body of paragraph: Closing sentence:

Yosemite National Park in California is a popular tourist destination. This amazing park has got green forests and valleys, steep hills, blue lakes, streams and waterfalls. Yosemite is most famous for its giant sequoia trees. Many people visit Yosemite National Park and enjoy its beautiful scenery.

DIVISIÓN DO TEXTO EN PARÁGRAFOS Paragraphing Cando escribimos parágrafos, organizámolos da seguinte maneira: Paragraph 1: subministra información xeral sobre o tema. Paragraph 2: dá detalles ou desenvolve o tema. Paragraph 3: inclúe unha conclusión e ás veces tamén unha opinión. Paragraph 1: My favourite restaurant is Little Italy at 51 Rose Street in Longville. This great Italian restaurant is open every day from noon till midnight. It’s got delicious food and a wonderful atmosphere. Paragraph 2: I love the fresh pasta with tomato and mushroom sauce. There are many types of pizza and the Neapolitan pizza is especially popular. You can also get a great cup of coffee and some amazing tiramisu for dessert. Paragraph 3: I really recommend Little Italy for a wonderful meal. It’s the perfect place to hang out with friends.

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

35

Repasa o escrito (Checking your writing)

AS MAIÚSCULAS Capital letters Escríbense con maiúscula: • a primeira palabra dunha oración. We play football. • os nomes e os títulos das persoas. He is Mr Tom Brown. • os nomes de vilas, cidades, países, nacionalidades e linguas. Dover, Paris, France, German • os días, os meses e os días festivos. Wednesday, April, Christmas • as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros, películas e cancións. Muhammed Ali: His Life and Times 12 Years a Slave Dancing Queen • o pronome persoal I. My friends and I love computer games.

a puntuación Punctuation • O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. My favourite sport is basketball. I don’t play tennis. • O sinal de interrogacion (?) ponse ao final das preguntas. Do you like cycling? • O sinal de exclamación (!) tamén se pon ao final da frase e serve para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e para facer fincapé nalgunha cousa. What a great game! • A coma ou vírgula (,) emprégase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. I can play football, basketball and volleyball.

AS PREPOSICIÓNS DE TEMPO Prepositions of time Empréganse distintas preposicións segundo o que queiramos expresar: at two o’clock at Christmas

in the morning in 2010 in May

from 6.00 to 8.00 from September to June

on Monday on 12th January

Excepcións: at the weekend

at night

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO – VERBO Word order: Subject – Verb O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo. Tom studies art. s v

They paint murals. s v

Mais nas preguntas vai detrás do verbo. Is Helen a cartoonist? v s

Are you at the art gallery? v s

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

36

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: AS EXPRESIÓNS TEMPORAIS Word order: Time expressions As expresións temporais poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, malia que é máis habitual poñelas ao final. We drove to the lake yesterday. time expr. De iren ao comezo, afástanse da oración principal cunha vírgula. Yesterday, we drove to the lake. time expr.

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS Word order: Adjectives • Os adxectivos polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. bright colours adj n

modern art adj n

Tamén detrás do verbo to be. The sculpture is extraordinary. v adj

The painting is realistic. v adj

E detrás dos verbos estáticos. The mural looks modern. v adj • Se hai varios adxectivos, adoitan ir nesta orde: opinión, tamaño, cor She’s wearing a trendy, big blue watch. o s c

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS Word order: Adverbs Os adverbios de modo adoitan ir detrás do verbo. He paints beautifully. v adv

AS CONXUNCIÓNS Linking words • and une dúas oracións ou ideas. He was a great detective and a successful writer. • or conecta diferentes alternativas. Was he a soldier or a sailor? • but contrasta dúas ideas. I felt exhausted but happy.

AS CONXUNCIÓNS FINAIS Connectors of purpose As conxuncións finais, como to, in order to y so that, empréganse para expresar a finalidade ou o propósito manifestado na oración principal. I wear a mouth guard to protect my teeth. You must practise in order to participate in the race. You wear kneepads so that you won’t hurt your knees.

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

37

OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA Connectors of sequence Cando se contan unha serie de feitos, empréganse estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron: • first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar)

• after that (despois, logo)

• at first (ao comezo)

• then (logo, daquela, entón)

• later (despois, máis tarde)

• at last (por fin)

• next (a continuación)

• finally (ao final, finalmente, para rematar)

First indica o primeiro que pasou e finally o derradeiro. Yesterday, we spent the day at the lake. First, we hiked on the path around the lake. Then, we went swimming. After that, we had a picnic. Finally, at 6.00, we went home.

AS CONXUNCIÓNS COPULATIVAS Connectors of addition As conxunción copulativas empréganse para relacionar ideas semellantes entre si e engadir información adicional. A máis común é and. A mesma función pode ser exercida por algúns adverbios: also, in addition e as well as.

It is going to land on Mars and examine the planet. I read a book about the solar system. I also went to the planetarium. Yesterday, I studied many hours for the science test. In addition, I wrote an essay. We will have flying cars as well as robots.

AS CONXUNCIÓNS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVAS Connectors of cause and effect • Causais: because e since expresan a causa. The air is polluted because there are many factories. I often take the train since the train station is near my house. • Consecutivas: so e therefore expresan a conscuencia. It was hot, so we went swimming. We couldn’t get theatre tickets. Therefore, we went to the cinema.

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

38

Cadros Writing Guide resumo TEMPOS VERBAIS PRESENTE eu xogo ti xogas el, ela xoga nós xogamos vós xogades eles, elas xogan PERÍFRASE eu estou a xogar / xogando ti estás a xogar / xogando el, ela está a xogar / xogando nós estamos a xogar / xogando vós estades a xogar / xogando eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE I play you play he, she, it plays we play you play they play PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am playing you are playing he, she, it is playing we are playing you are playing they are playing FUTURE: BE GOING TO I am going to play you are going to play he, she, it is going to play we are going to play you are going to play they are going to play

OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIAS

FUTURO: PERÍFRASE

eu vou xogar ti vas xogar el, ela vai xogar nós imos xogar vós ides xogar eles, elas van xogar

FUTURO eu xogarei ti xogarás el, ela xogará nós xogaremos vós xogaredes eles, elas xogarán

FUTURO: WILL I will play you will play he, she, it will play we will play you will play they will play

PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO

PAST CONTINUOUS I was playing you were playing he, she, it was playing we were playing you were playing they were playing PAST SIMPLE I played you played he, she, it played we played you played they played

PERÍFRASE eu estaba a xogar ti estabas a xogar el, ela estaba a xogar nós estabamos a xogar vós estabades a xogar eles, elas estaban a xogar

PRESENT PERFECT I have played you have played he, she, it has played we have played you have played they have played

PERÍFRASE eu teño xogado ti tes xogado el, ela ten xogado nós temos xogado vós tedes xogado eles, elas teñen xogado

eu xogaba ti xogabas el, ela xogaba nós xogabamos vós xogabades eles, elas xogaban

PRETÉRITO PERFECTO

eu xoguei ti xogaches el, ela xogou nós xogamos vós xogastes eles, elas xogaron

Action! ESO 3 Galician © B Burlington Books

39