Glossary
Advanced Real English 1
Introduction April /'CBUpLo/ abril August /'GZLgW/ agosto big /VBZ/ gran, grande black /VoDY/ negro/a blue /VoI/ azul brother /'VpJfL/ irmán brown /VpPm/ marrón; castaño/a child /WiOoX/ neno/a; fillo/a children /'WiBoXpLm/ nenos/as; fillos/as curly /'YKoi/ rizo/a; crecho/a dad /XDX/ papá, pai dark /XEY/ escuro/a; moreno/a day /XM/ día December /XB'gClVL/ decembro diary /'XOLpi/ diario; axenda eight /CBW/ oito eighteen /CB'WAm/ dezaoito eighteenth /CB'WAme/ décimo/a oitavo/a eighth /CBWe/ oitavo/a eightieth /'CBWiLe/ octoxésimo/a eighty /'CBWi/ oitenta eleven /B'oCdm/ once eleventh /B'oCdme/ décimo/a primeiro/a eye /O/ ollo eyebrow /'OVpP/ cella fair /cCL/ claro/a; loiro/a fat /cæW/ gordo/a, groso/a father /'cEfL/ pai February /'cCVpILpi/ febreiro feet /cAW/ pés fifteen /cBc'WAm/ quince fifteenth /cBc'WAme/ décimo/a quinto/a fifth /cBce/ quinto/a fiftieth /'cBcWiLe/ quincuaxésimo/a fifty /'cBcWi/ cincuenta first /cKgW/ primeiro/a five /cOd/ cinco foot /cHW/pé fortieth /'cGWiLe/ cuadraxésimo/a forty /'cGWi/ corenta four /cG/ catro fourteen /cG'WAm/ catorce
fourteenth /cG'WAme/ décimo/a cuarto/a fourth /cGe/ cuarto/a Friday /'cpOXM/ venres, sexta feira good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ atractivo/a, atraente grandparent /'ZpDmUSpLmW/ avó/oa green /ZpAm/ verde grey /ZpCB/ gris hair /kCL/ pelo, cabelo hairy /'kCLpi/ peludo/a, cabeludo/a horn /kGm/ corno hundred /'kJmXpLX/ cen; cento hundredth /'kJmXpLXe/ centésimo/a January /'bDmqHLpi/ xaneiro July /bI'oO/ xullo June /XjIm/ xuño long /oFn/ longo/a March /lEa/ marzo marker /'lEYL/ rotulador May /lM/ maio Monday /'lJmXM/ luns, segunda feira month /lJme/ mes mother /'lJfL/ nai, mai mouth /lPe/ boca mum /lJl/ mamá, nai, mai narrow /'mDpN/ estreito/a nine /mOm/ nove nineteen /mOm'WAm/ dezanove nineteenth /mOm'WAme/ décimo/a noveno/a ninetieth /'mOmWiLe/ nonaxésimo/a ninety /'mOmWi/ noventa ninth /mOme/ noveno/a nose /mNh/ nariz November /mLH'dClVL/ novembro October /FY'WNVL/ outubro old /NoX/ vello/a one /rJm/ un/unha one hundred /rJm 'kJmXpLX/ cen orange /'FpBmb/ laranxa parents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais pen /UCm/ bolígrafo pencil /'UCmgo/ lapis pencil case /'UCmgo YMg/ estoxo pencil sharpener /'UCmgo iEUmL/ afialapis, aguzalapis pink /UBnY/ rosa Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary purple /'UKUo/ morado/a red /pCX/ vermello/a rubber /'pJVL/ goma, borrador ruler /'pIoL/ regra Saturday /'gDWLXM/ sábado schoolbag /'gYIoVDZ/ mochila second /'gCYLmX/ segundo/a September /gCU'WClVL/ setembro seven /'gCdm/ sete seventeen /gCdm'WAm/ dezasete seventeenth /gCdm'WAme/ décimo/a sétimo/a seventh /'gCdme/ sétimo/a seventieth /'gCdmWiLe/ septuaxésimo/a seventy /'gCdmWi/ setenta short /iGW/ curto/a; baixo/a sister /'gBgWL/ irmá six /gBYg/ seis sixteen /gBYg'WAm/ dezaseis sixteenth /gBYg'WAme/ décimo/a sexto/a sixth /gBYge/ sexto/a sixtieth /'gBYgWiLe/ sesaxésimo/a sixty /'gBYgWi/ sesenta small /glGo/ pequeno/a straight /gWpMW/ liso/a Sunday /'gJmXM/ domingo tail /WMo/ cola tall /WGo/ alto/a ten /WCm/ dez tenth /WCme/ décimo/a thick /eBY/ groso/a; poboado/a; mesto/a thin /eBm/ delgado/a, fraco/a third /eKX/ terceiro/a thirteen /eK'WAm/ trece thirteenth /eK'WAme/ décimo/a terceiro/a thirtieth /'eKWiLe/ trixésimo/a thirty /'eKWi/ trinta three /epA/ tres Thursday /'eKhXM/ xoves, quinta feira Tuesday /'WqIhXM/ martes, terza feira twelfth /WrCoce/ décimo/a segundo/a twelve /WrCod/ doce twentieth /'WrCmWiLe/ vixésimo/a twenty /'WrCmWi/ vinte two /WI/ dous/dúas ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a Wednesday /'rCmhXM/ mércores, cuarta / corta feira white /rOW/ branco/a
wide /rOX/ ancho/a, amplo/a wing /rBn/ á, ala year /qR/ ano yellow /'qCoN/ amarelo/a young /qJn/ novo/a, mozo/a, xove
unit 1 apple /'DUo/ mazá banana /VL'mEmL/ banana be careful /'VA YCLco/ ter conta / coidado bean /VAm/ feixó bowl /VLHo/ cunca bread /VpCX/ pan brown rice /VpPm 'pOg/ arroz integral bus station /'VJg gWMim/ estación de autobuses butter /'VJWL/ manteiga cake /YMY/ torta, pastel cheese /aAh/ queixo chicken /'aBYBm/ polo Chile /'iBoi/ Chile Chilean /'aBoiLm/ chileno/a chip /aBU/ pataca frita coffee /'YFci/ café cooker /'YHYL/ cociña (fogóns e forno) corn /YGm/ millo country /'YJmWpi/ país cup /YJU/ taza dangerous /'XMmbLpLg/ perigoso/a décor /'XMYG/ decoración eat /AW/ comer egg /CZ/ ovo English /'BnZoBi/inglés/esa; inglés (idioma) fair /cCL/ feira fast food /cEgW 'cIX/ comida rápida fish /cBi/ peixe food /cIX/ comida, alimento food colouring /'cIX YJoLpBn/ colorante fork /cGY/ garfo France /cpEmg/ Francia French /cpCma/ francés/esa; francés (idioma) fruit /cpIW/ froita German /'bKlLm/ alemán/alemá; alemán (idioma) Germany /'bKlLmi/ Alemaña glass /ZoEg/ vaso ice cream /Og 'YpAl/ xeado Ireland /'OLoLmX/ Irlanda
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary Irish /'OpBi/ irlandés/esa; irlandés (idioma) Japan /bL'UDm/ Xapón Japanese /XjDULm'Ah/ xaponés/esa; xaponés (idioma) kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña knife /mOc/ coitelo lemon /'oClLm/ limón look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar look out /oHY 'PW/ ter conta / coidado manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/ fabricante market /'lEYBW/ mercado meal /lAo/ comida meat /lAW/ carne meatball /'lAWVGo/ albóndega milk /lBoY/ leite Morocco /lL'pFYLH/ Marrocos octopus /'FYWLULg/ polbo onion /'JmqLm/ cebola outdoors /PW'XGh/ fóra pancake /'UDmYMY/ torta pequena, pancake pay attention /UM L'WCmim/ prestar atención, reparar, fixarse Peru /UL'pI/ Perú Peruvian /UL'pIdiLm/ peruano/a plate /UoMW/ prato rice /pOg/ arroz salad /'gDoLX/ ensalada sausage /'gFgBb/ salchicha scientist /'gOLmWBgW/ científico/a soup /gIU/ sopa spaghetti /gUL'ZCWi/ espaguete/s Spanish /'gUDmBi/ español/a; español (idioma) spoon /gUIm/ culler steak /gWMY/ filete, bisté strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/ amorodo sugar /'iHZL/ azucre Sweden /'grAXm/ Suecia Swedish /'grAXBi/ sueco/a; sueco (idioma) take care not to /WMY 'YS mFW WL/ ter coidado / conta de non; procurar non taste (n) /WMgW/ gusto, sabor taste (v) /WMgW/ comer, probar; degustar, catar tea /WA/ té Thai /WO/ tailandés/esa; tailandés (idioma) Thailand /'WOoDmX/ Tailandia tomato sauce /WLlEWN 'gGg/ prebe / mollo de tomate type /WOU/ tipo, clase vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/ verdura/s vegetarian /dCbL'WCLpRm/ vexetariano/a watch out /rFa 'PW/ ter coidado / conta
unit 2 afraid /L'cpCBX/ asustado/a, amedrentado/a (be ~ of: ter medo de) allow /L'oP/ permitir, deixar at home /LW 'kNl/ na casa bird /VKX/ paxaro bring /VpBn/ levarse, traer building /'VBoXBn/ edificio cage /YMb/ xaula, gaiola character /'YæpLYWL/ personaxe chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpancé clean your room /YoAm qG 'pIl/ limpar o teu cuarto corner /'YGmL/ recanto, esquina cow /YP/ vaca disease /XB'hAh/ enfermidade, doenza do homework /XI 'kNlrKY/ facer os deberes do sport /XI 'gUGW/ practicar deporte each /Aa/ cada eagle /'AZo/ aguia elephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante evil /'Ado/ malo/a, mao/má exercise /'CYgLgOh/ exercicio feed /cAX/ alimentar, dar de comer a feed the dog /cAX fL 'XFZ/ dar de comer ao can for fun /cL 'cJm/ para se divertir fox /cFYg/ raposo, golpe frighten /'cpOWm/ asustar, amedrentar frog /cpFZ/ ra fun /cJm/ divertimento, diversión germ /bKl/ xerme, xermolo get up /ZCW 'JU/ erguerse giraffe /bL'pEc/ xirafa go home /ZLH 'kNl/ marchar á casa go to bed /ZLH WL 'VCX/ deitarse, ir(se) á cama go to school /ZLH WL 'gYIo/ ir ao colexio / á escola gorilla /ZL'pBoL/ gorila guest /ZCgW/ cliente/a hamster /'kDlgWL/ hámster have a shower /kDd L 'iPL/ ducharse have breakfast /kDd 'VpCYcLgW/ almorzar have fun /kLd 'cJm/ pasalo ben, divertirse home /kNl/ casa, fogar, lar house /kPg/ casa horse /kGg/ cabalo howl /kPo/ ouvear hunt /kJmW/ cazar hunter /'kJmWL/ cazador/a
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary it was fun /BW rLh 'cJm/ foi divertido/a it was funny /BW rLh 'cJmi/ foi / era gracioso/a just for fun /bJgW cL 'cJm/ só para se divertir kill /YBo/ matar leave /oAd/ saír de life /oOc/ vida live /oBd/ vivir lion /'oOLm/ león Little Red Riding Hood /oBWo pCX 'pOXBn kHX/ Carapuchiña Vermella long hours /oFn 'PLh/ até tarde meet friends /lAW 'cpCmXh/ quedar con amigos/as mice /lOg/ ratos mobile phone /lNVOo 'cNm/ teléfono móbil monkey /'lJnYi/ mono/a mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito mouse /lPg/ rato need /mAX/ ter que, precisar, cumprir no problem /mN 'UpFVoLl/ sen / non hai problema pet (n) /UCW/ mascota, animal de compañía pet (v) /UCW/ agarimar pig /UBZ/ porco, cocho problem /'UpFVoLl/ problema rabbit /'pDVBW/ coello, coenllo rabies /'pMVAh/ carraxe, rabia run after /pJm 'EcWL/ perseguir shark /iEY/ tiburón, quenlla sheep /iAU/ ovella/s shoe /iI/ zapato snake /gmMY/ serpe solve a problem /gFod L 'UpFVoLl/ solucionar un problema sticker /'gWBYL/ adhesivo take care of /WMY 'YCL Ld/ coidar / ter conta de take off /WMY 'Fc/ quitarse, sacarse tiger /'WOZL/ tigre timetable /'WOlWMVo/ horario walk the dog /rGY fL 'XFZ/ pasear no can watch TV /rFa WA 'dA/ mirar a televisión water /'rGWL/ auga werewolf /'rSrHoc/ lobishome werewolves /'rSrHodh/ lobishomes wheel /rAo/ roda wild /rOoX/ salvaxe wolf /rHoc/ lobo wolves /rHodh/ lobos
unit 3 above /L'VJd/ enriba de, sobre allergy /'DoLXji/ alerxia at the corner of /LW fL 'YGmL Ld/ no recanto de bakery /'VMYLpi/ panadaría bank /VDnY/ banco be careful /'VA YCLco/ ter coidado / conta behind /VB'kOmX/ detrás de best /VCgW/ mellor between /VB'WrAm/ entre (dúas cousas) burp (n) /VKU/ arroto, eructo burp (v) /VKU/ arrotar, eructar butcher’s /'VHaLh/ carnizaría can /Yæm/ lata, bote church /WiKa/ igrexa cinema /'gBmLlL/ cinema climb /YoOl/ escalar climb down /YoOl 'XPm/ baixar, descender climb up /YoOl 'JU/ agatuñar, rubir, subir a come out of /YJl 'PW Ld/ saír de disgusting /XBg'ZJgWBn/ noxento/a, repugnante during the week /'XqHLpBn fL rAY/ durante, ao longo da semana event /B'dCmW/ acontecemento exhibit /BZ'hBVBW/ obxecto exposto; exposición exhibition /CYgB'VBim/ exposición fizzy drink /'cBhi XpBnY/ bebida gasosa, refresco for the week /cL fL 'rAY/ para / ao longo de toda a semana forget /cL'ZCW/ esquecer forget about /cLZCW L'VPW/ esquecerse de forget to /cL'ZCW WL/ esquecerse de GI /bA'O/ gastrointestinal gift /ZBcW/ agasallo, galano, regalo Go straight. /ZLH 'gWpMW/ Seguir dereito / recto. go through /ZLH 'epI/ atravesar guess /ZCg/ adiviñar (~ what?: sabes que?) guest /ZCgW/ convidado/a guide /ZOX/ guia have a look at /kDd L 'oHY DW/ botar unha ollada a have fun /kLd 'cJm/ pasalo ben, divertirse hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital in /Bm/ en, dentro de in a week /Bm L 'rAY/ nunha semana in front of /Bm 'cpJmW Ld/ diante de intestine /Bm'WCgWBm/ intestino library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca learn /oKm/ aprender, deprender
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary look for /'oHY cG/ buscar, procurar match /læWi/ asociar, relacionar, vencellar model /'lFXo/ maqueta, modelo museum /lqI'hALl/ museo next to /'mCYgW WL/ preto de, próximo/a a on /Fm/ sobre, en opposite /'FULhBW/ en fronte de pass /UEg/ pasar post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos restaurant /'pCgWpFmW/ restaurante right /pOW/ correcto/a (be ~: ter / levar razón) right now /pOW 'mP/ agora mesmo, arestora shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial skin /gYBm/ pel slide /goOX/ tobogán smell (n) /glCo/ olor, cheiro smell (v) /glCo/ ulir, cheirar sneeze (n) /gmAh/ espirro sneeze (v) /gmAh/ espirrar sports centre /'gUGWg gCmWL/ polideportivo spot /gUFW/ lunar; mancha stadium /'gWCBXiLl/ estadio stink /gWBnY/ feder, alcatrear, apestar supermarket /'gIULlEYBW/ supermercado swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ piscina teach /WAa/ ensinar ticket /'WBYBW/ entrada topic /'WFUBY/ tema town /WPm/ cidade truth /WpIe/ verdade Turn left. /WKm 'oCcW/ Torcer / Virar á esquerda. Turn right. /WKm 'pOW/ Torcer / Virar á dereita. under /'JmXL/ debaixo de wait /rMW/ agardar, esperar wait for /'rMW cL/ agardar, esperar wait till /'rMW WBo/ agardar, esperar (até) wall /rGo/ parede, muro way /rM/ maneira, xeito, forma
unit 4 athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta attack /L'WDY/ atacar basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto bowling /'VLHoBn/ bolos bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ boleira brake /VpMY/ freo
catch /YDa/ coller, atrapar climb /YoOl/ escalar competition /YFlUL'WBim/ competición cycling /'gOYoBn/ ciclismo dance /XEmg/ bailar daydream (n) /'XMXpAl/ soño, ilusión daydream (v) /'XMXpAl/ soñar esperto/a, fantasiar dream (n) /XpAl/ soño dream (v) /XpAl/ soñar dream about /XpAl L'VPW/ soñar con dream of /XpAl 'Ld/ soñar con dreamer /'XpAlL/ soñador/a drive /XpOd/ conducir, pilotar (un automóbil) famous /'cCBlLg/ famoso/a, con sona famous for /'cCBlLg cL/ famoso/a por fireproof suit /'cOLUpIc gIW/ traxe ignífugo (a proba de fogo) fly /coO/ pilotar (un avión) football /'cHWVGo/ fútbol game /ZMl/ xogo; partido gentle /'bCmWo/ delicado/a, suave gymnastics /bBl'mægWBYg/ ximnasia healthy /'kCoei/ san/sa, saudábel helmet /'kColBW/ casco hit /kBW/ dar golpes, golpear judo /'bIXN/ judo juggle /'bJZo/ facer xogos malabares jump /bJlU/ chimpar, brincar, saltar kick /YBY/ dar unha patada lift /oBcW/ erguer lose a match /oIh L 'læWi/ perder un partido / combate lose weight /oIh 'rMW/ perder / baixar peso, adelgazar match /læWi/ partido; competición muscle /'lJgo/ músculo nightmare /'mOWlS/ pesadelo pin /UBm/ bolo player /'UoML/ xogador/a quiet /'YrOLW/ tranquilo/a quite /YrOW/ bastante race /pMg/ carreira racetrack /'pMgWpDY/ circuíto (de carreiras) race walker /'pMg rGYL/ marchador/a race walking /'pMg rGYBn/ marcha racing car /'pMgBn YE/ coche de carreiras rescue /'pCgYqI/ rescatar ride /pOX/ montar en; pilotar run /pJm/ correr
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Glossary running /'pJmBn/ correr sail /gMo/ navegar; gobernar (un barco) ski /gYA/ esquiar skiing /'gYABn/ esquí stomach /'gWJlLY/ estómago; abdome surf /gKc/ facer surf surfing /'gKcBn/ surf swim /grBl/ nadar swimming /'grBlBn/ natación tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis throw /epN/ guindar, lanzar; tirar weigh /rM/ pesar weight /rMW/ peso weightlifter /'rMWoBcWL/ levantador/a de peso, halterófilo/a weightlifting /'rMWoBcWBn/ levantamento de peso, halterofilia win /rBm/ gañar win a match /rBm L 'læWi/ gañar un partido / combate
unit 5 action /'DYim/ (de) acción adventure /LX'dCmWiL/ (de) aventuras all over /Go 'NdL/ por todas as partes amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, incríbel animated /'DmBlMWBX/ (de) animación / debuxos animados appear /L'UBL/ aparecer attach /L'WDWi/ pegar, adherir barnacle /'VEmLYo/percebe bat /VDW/morcego blood /VoJX/ sangue boring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/a, aburrido/a channel /'aDmo/ canal choice /aQg/ elección, escolla choose /aIh/ elixir, escoller comedy /'YFlLXi/ comedia correct /YL'pCYW/ correcto/a (be ~: levar, ter razón) count /YPmW/ conde creature /'YpAaL/ criatura definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ sen dúbida disgusting /XBg'ZJgWBn/ noxento/a, repugnante drama /'XpElL/ drama educational /CXjH'YMiLmo/ educativo/a enjoyable /Bm'bQLVo/ agradábel; entretido/a exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante fact /cæYW/ feito (in ~: de feito, en realidade) fair /cCL/ branco/a (pel) flag /coæZ/ bandeira
frightening /'cpOWmBn/ arrepiante, espantoso/a garlic /'ZEoBY/ allo get old /ZCW 'NoX/ avellentar harm /kEl/ mancar, magoar, facer dano (be) here to stay /VA kBL WL 'gWM/ (vir) para se quedar, non (ser) unha moda pasaxeira history /'kBgWpi/ historia horror /'kFpL/ (de) terror / medo instead of /Bm'gWCX Ld/ no canto de interesting /'BmWpLgWBn/ interesante jump out /bJlU 'PW/ saír dun chouto / brinco look after /oHY 'EcWL/ ter conta / coidado de; ocuparse de look at /'oHY DW/ mirar, ollar look for /'oHY cG/ buscar, procurar look forward to /oHY 'cGrLX WL/ agardar (con ilusión), estar a devecer por, ter moitas ganas de look up something /oHY JU 'gJleBn/ procurar algunha cousa (información) maybe /'lMVi/ se cadra, talvez, quizais miss /lBg/ perder(se) musical /'lqIhBYo/ musical old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda predict /UpB'XBYW/ predicir realistic /piL'oBgWBY/ realista romance /pN'læmg/ romántico/a safe /gMc/ seguro/a, fóra de perigo science fiction /gOLmg 'cBYim/ (de) ficción científica shout /iPW/ berrar, gritar silly /'gBoi/ parvo/a; absurdo/a special /'gUCio/ especial stay /gWM/ manterse; quedar(se), ficar stay away from /gWM L'rCB cpLl/ afastarse / arredarse de, non achegarse a stay here /gWM 'kBL/ ficar / permanecer aquí stay in /gWM 'Bm/ ficar (na casa), non saír story /'gWGpi/ historia, narración suddenly /'gJXLmoi/ de súpeto / socato suggest /gL'bCgW/ aconsellar surprising /gL'UpOhBn/ sorprendente tentacle /'WCmWLYo/ tentáculo terrible /'WCpLVo/ terríbel, arrepiante, espantoso/a towards /WL'rGXh/ cara a twilight /'WrOoOW/ crepúsculo, solpor unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ inusual, pouco común / corrente vampire /'dDlUOL/ vampiro/a watch out /rFa 'PW/ ter coidado / conta western /'rCgWLm/ película do Oeste, western
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary unit 6 actor /'DYWL/ actor / actriz ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a angry /'DnZpi/ amolado/a, enfadado/a architect /'EYBWCYW/ arquitecto/a artist /'EWBgW/ artista athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta bake a cake /VMY L 'YMY/ fornear un pastel / unha torta become famous /VBYJl 'cCBlLg/ facerse famoso/a, coñecido/a build a model /VBoX L 'lFXo/ construír / facer unha maqueta builder /'VBoXL/ albanel championship /'aDlUiLmiBU/ campionato chimney /'aBlmi/ cheminea computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/ programador/a dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista diver /'XOdL/ saltador/a do the laundry /XI fL 'oGmXpi/ facer a bogada / coada doctor /'XFYWL/ doutor/a, médico/a download music /XPmoNX 'lqIhBY/ baixar música electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista employ /Bl'UoQ/ empregar / dar emprego a employee /Bl'UoQA/ empregado/a, traballador/a employer /Bl'UoQL/ xefe/a, patrón/oa, empresario/a employment /Bl'UoQlLmW/ emprego, traballo factory worker /'cæYWpi rKYL/ traballador/a dunha fábrica fame /cMl/ fama, sona famous /'cCBlLg/ famoso/a, célebre, coñecido/a famous for /'cCBlLg cL/ famoso/a / célebre / coñecido/a por fighter /'cOWL/ guerreiro/a; loitador/a finish /'cBmBi/ rematar, acabar,concluír firefighter /'cOLcOWL/ bombeiro/a fireplace /'cOLUoMg/ cheminea, fogar genius /'bAmiLg/ xenio go hiking /ZLH 'kOYBn/ facer sendeirismo higher /kOL/ maior, máis elevado/a, alto/a IQ /O'YqI/ CI, coeficiente intelectual Korean /YL'pAm/ coreano/a; coreano (idioma) law /oG/ lei lawyer /'oGqL/ avogado/a lucky /'oJYi/ afortunado/a medallist /'lCXLoBgW/ medallista paint /UCBmW/ pintar pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller place /UoMg/ colocar, poñer, pór plumber /'UoJlL/ fontaneiro/a
poor /UG/ pobre/a prepare dinner /UpBUCL 'XBmL/ preparar a cea prodigy /'UpFXLbi/ prodixio quickly /'YrBYoi/ a presa, axiña, rapidamente rich /pBWi/ rico/a sailor /'gMoL/ mariñeiro/a secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ secretario/a select /gB'oCYW/ elixir, escoller slowly /'goNoi/ amodo, devagar, pouco a pouco soldier /'gNobL/ soldado start /gWEW/ comezar (~ a fire: prender un lume) taller /WGoL/ máis alto/a unemployed /JmBl'UoQX/ desempregado/a, en paro waiter /'rMWL/ camareiro wash the dishes /rFi fL 'XBiBh/ lavar os pratos water the plants /rGWL fL 'UoEmWg/ regar as plantas world-famous /rKoX'cCBlLg/ de fama / sona mundial, famoso/a / coñecido/a en todo o mundo wrestling /'pCgoBn/ loita write e-mails /pOW 'AlCBoh/ escribir correos electrónicos writer /'pOWL/ escritor/a
unit 7 armchair /'ElWiCL/ cadeira de brazos bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio, habitación, cuarto big trouble /VBZ 'WpJVo/ gran lea / problema blanket /'VoDnYBW/ manta brochure /'VpNiL/ folleto burn /VKm/ incendiar, queimar carpet /'YEUBW/ alfombra challenge /'WiDoLmb/ desafío, reto clock /YoFY/ reloxo cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario curtain /'YKWBm/ cortina cushion /'YHim/ coxín desk /XCgY/ escritorio dining room /'XOmBn pIl/ comedor dishwasher /'XBirFiL/ lavalouza even /'Adm/ mesmo, incluso floor /coG/ piso; chan fridge /cpBb/ neveira, frigorífico garden /'ZEXm/ xardín get into trouble /ZCW BmWL 'WpJVo/ meterse nunha lea / en problemas have trouble /kLd 'WpJVo/ ter problemas hope /kNU/ agardar, esperar (desexo, esperanza)
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary item /'OWLl/ artigo keyboard /'YAVGX/ teclado kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña lamp /oDlU/ lámpada living room /'oBdBn pIl/ cuarto de estar, salón make a move /lMY L 'lId/ poñerse / porse en marcha; dar un paso make trouble /lMY 'WpJVo/ provocar unha lea, causar problemas mark /lEY/ cualificación mess /lCg/ desorde, desfeita messy /'lCgi/ desordenado/a microwave /'lOYpLrMd/ microondas mirror /'lBpL/espello move (n) /lId/ mudanza move (v) /lId/ mudarse move away /lId L'rCB/ marchar, irse; mudarse move house /lId 'kPg/ mudarse / cambiar de casa moving /'lIdBn/ mudarse neighbourhood /'mMVLkHX/ veciñanza, barrio no trouble /mN 'WpJVo/ sen problema office /'FcBg/ despacho, oficina on the move /Fm fL 'lId/ de viaxe; dun lado a outro organise /'GZLmOh/ organizar oven /'Jdm/forno photographer /cL'WFZpLcL/ fotógrafo/a pillow /'UBoN/almofada,coxín price /UpOg/ prezo prize /UpOh/ premio recycling /pA'gOYoBn/ reciclaxe relationship /pB'oMimiBU/ relación scavenger hunt /'gYDdBmbL kJmW/ busca do tesouro, xincana schoolchild /'gYIoaOoX/ alumno/a schoolchildren /'gYIoWiBoXpLm/ alumnado secret service /gAYpLW 'gKdBg/ (do) servizo secreto shelf /iCoc / andel, estante, balda shelves /iCodh/ andeis, estantes, baldas shower /'iPL/ ducha sink /gBnY/ vertedoiro, pía; lavabo store /gWG/ gardar, almacenar tidy /'WOXi/ ordenar toilet /'WQoLW/baño, servizo, váter trophy /'WpNci/ trofeo wait /rMW/ agardar (tempo) washing machine /'rFiBn lLiAm/ lavadora worker /'rKYL/ traballador/a
unit 8 almost /'GolNgW/ case autumn /'GWLl/ outono away on holiday /LrCB Fm 'kFoLXM/ (fóra) por vacacións bad luck /VDX 'oJY/ mala sorte be lucky /VA 'oJYi/ ter sorte be on holiday /VA Fm 'kFoLXM/ estar de vacacións beach /VAWi/praia, areal boots /VIWg/ botas canyon /'YæmqLm/ canón coat /YNW/ abrigo collect /YL'oCYW/ coller; reunir, xuntar desert /'XChLW/ deserto destination /XCgWB'mMim/ destino, fado disaster /XB'hEgWL/ desfeita dish /XBi/ prato dolphin /'XFocim/ golfiño dream /XpAl/ de soño dress /XpCg/ vestido feast /cAgW/ banquete fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/ pegada / impresión dactilar following /'cFoNBn/ seguinte forest /'cFpBgW/ bosque glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar go on holiday /ZLH Fm 'kFoLXM/ irse / marchar de vacacións good luck /ZHX 'oJY/ boa sorte hat /kDW/ gorro/a, pucho/a; sombreiro, chapeu hill /kBo/outeiro holiday /'kFoLXM/ vacacións horse riding /'kGg pOXBn/ montar a cabalo; equitación hot /kFW/ caloroso/a; quente (be ~: facer calor) island /'OoLmX/ illa jeans /bAmh/ pantalóns vaqueiros jungle /'bJnZo/ selva, xungla lake /oMY/ lago luck /oJY/ sorte; da sorte lucky /'oJYi/ afortunado/a, con sorte; da sorte lucky charm /'oJYi aEl/ amuleto main dish /lCBm 'XBi/ prato sobranceiro Majorca /lL'qGYL/ Mallorca middle /'lBXo/ medio, metade mosque /lFgY/ mesquita mountain /'lPmWLm/ montaña ocean /'Nim/ océano plate /UoMW/ prato
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary public holidays /UJVoBY 'kFoLXMh/ festas nacionais / oficiais reef /pAc/ baixío, escollo, arrecife right away /pOW L'rCB/ deseguida, decontado river /'pBdL/ río sandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalias scuba diving /'gYIVL XOdBn/ mergullo, submarinismo shirt /iKW/ camisa shorts /iGWg/ pantalóns curtos side /gOX/ banda, lado skirt /gYKW/ saia, faldra sleeping bag /'goAUBn VDZ/ saco de durmir sock /gFY/ calcetín, peúgo spend /gUCmX/ pasar (tempo); gastar spider /'gUOXL/ araña squid /gYrBX/ lura, calamar stripe /gWpOU/ raia sweater /'grCWL/ xersei swimsuit /'grBlgIW/ traxe de baño top /WFU/ superficie trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte travel agency /'Wpædo CBbLmgi/ axencia de viaxes trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalóns T-shirt /'aKW/ camiseta valley /'dDoi/ val warm /rGl/ cálido/a, quente; temperado/a waterfall /'rGWLcGo/ fervenza, cachoeira, cascada weigh /rM/ pesar, pesadume worm /rKl/ lombriga, verme
unit 9 athletic /De'oCWBY/ atlético/a battery /'VDWpi/ batería break (n) /VpMY/ descanso, folganza; vacacións break (v) /VpMY/ romper(se), esnaquizarse, estragarse breakfast /'VpCYcLgW/ almorzo by mistake /VO lB'gWMY/ por erro calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a clever /'YoCdL/ intelixente computers /YLl'UqIWLh/ informática confident /'YFmcBXLmW/ seguro/a de si mesmo/a, confiado/a contest /'YFmWCgW/ concurso dance mat /XEmg 'læW/ alfombra de baile drawing /'XpGBn/ debuxo DVD burner /XA dA 'XA VKmL/ gravador/a de DVD earphones /'RcNmh/ auriculares evil /'Ado/ malvado/a favourite /'cCBdLpBW/ favorito/a
flash /coæi/ parpadexar, facer escintileos flower /'coPL/flor friendly /'cpCmXoi/ simpático/a funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a, divertido/a give me a break /ZBd lA L 'VpMY/ déixame respirar hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a have a break /kLd L 'VpMY/ facer un descanso, descansar, acougar keyboard /'YAVGX/ teclado kind /YOmX/ amábel, atento/a laptop computer /oDUWFU YLl'UqIWL/ ordenador portátil learn from mistakes /oKm cpLl lB'gWMYg/ aprender dos erros make a mistake /lMY L lB'gWMY/ cometer un erro, errar, equivocarse memory card /'lClLpi YEX/ tarxeta de memoria modem /'lNXCl/ módem monitor /'lFmBWL/ monitor mouse /lPg/ rato mousepad /'lPgUDX/ alfombra (do rato) nature /'mMaL/ natureza nervous /'mKdLg/ nervioso/a noise /mQh/ ruído printer /'UpBmWL/ impresora prize /UpOh/ premio quiet /'YrOLW/ calado/a report /pB'UGW/ informe scanner /'gYDmL/ escáner screen /gYpAm/ pantalla see /gA/ ver serious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/a shy /iO/ apoucado/a, tímido/a sound /gPmX/ son spaceship /'gUMgiBU/ nave espacial speaker /'gUAYL/ altofalante spelling mistakes /gUCoBn lB'gWMYg/ faltas de ortografía sport /gUGW/ deporte strong /gWpFn/ forte succeed /gLY'gAX/ triunfar, ter éxito survivor /gL'dOdL/ supervivente take a break /WCBY L 'VpMY/ facer un descanso, descansar, acougar turn into /WKm 'BmWL/ converterse en turn off /WKm 'Fc/ apagar unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/ antipático/a USB flash drive /qI Cg VA 'coDi XpOd/ memoria USB villain /'dBoLm/ vilán/á watch /rFa/ mirar, ver; observar, reparar weak /rAY/ feble, débil webcam /'rCVYDl/ cámara web
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
ar Gramm ix Append O VERBO to be
Introduction
Afirmativa
Forma contraída
I am
I’m
You are
You’re
He is
He’s
Os máis engaden -s para formaren o plural.
She is
She’s
dog
O PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS • Os máis dos substantivos teñen un plural regular.
Plural regular dogs
It is
It’s
Os rematados en s, sh, ch ou x engaden -es.
We are
We’re
kiss
kisses
You are
You’re
brush
brushes
They are
They’re
bench
benches
Negativa
Forma contraída
I am not
I’m not
You are not
You aren’t
He is not
He isn’t
She is not
She isn’t
It is not
It isn’t
We are not
We aren’t
You are not
You aren’t
They are not
They aren’t
box boxes Algúns rematados en o engaden -es. tomato
tomatoes
(mais piano pianos) Se rematan en consoante + y cambian ese y por i y añaden -es, mais se rematan en vogal + y só engaden -s. lorry lorries boy
boys
Os máis dos rematados en f ou fe cambian o f ou fe por v e logo engaden -es.
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
shelf
shelves
Am I ...?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
knife
knives
Are you ...?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
(mais chief
chiefs)
Is he ...?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Is she ...?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Is it ...?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
Are we ...?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Are you ...?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Are they ...?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
• Mais algúns teñen un plural irregular.
Plural irregular foot (pé), tooth (dente) man (home), woman (muller) child (neno/a) person (persoa) mouse (rato) deer (cervo), fish (peixe), sheep (ovella)
feet, teeth men, women children people mice deer, fish, sheep
O verbo to be significa principalmente “ser” ou “estar”. • Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are. É o único verbo que ten tres formas distintas no presente. As formas contraídas empréganse máis na conversa. He is very thin. (El é moi delgado.) • Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + not ou a contracción n’t (que se pode engadir a is e a are, mais non a am). They aren’t good-looking. (Non son atraentes.) • Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito. Is basketball your favourite sport? (O baloncesto é o teu deporte preferido?) • Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + to be sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído con not en negativa. Is your birthday in the summer? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. (O teu aniversario é no verán? É. Si. / Non.)
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
10
Grammar Appendix Os usos do verbo to be Manchester is in England. (Manchester está en Inglaterra.) He is sad but I’m happy. Sentimentos e estados (El está tristeiro mais eu estou feliz.) I am thirteen years old. Idade (Teño trece anos.) Profesións, relixións e Miley is a singer. nacionalidades (Miley é cantante.) How much is it? It’s 5 euros. Prezos (Canto é? Son 5 euros.) He’s 1.70 metres tall. Medidas (Mide 1,70 m.) Definicións e feitos xerais
It is cold. (Vai frío.)
Tempo atmosférico
O VERBO have got
O verbo have got significa “ter”. Expresa o que posuímos ou os riscos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. • Afirmativa: suxeito + have (’ve) got ou has (’s) got. You have got a famous brother. (Tes un irmán famoso.) • Negativa: suxeito + have / has + not (n’t) + got. They haven’t got long straight hair. (Non teñen o pelo longo e liso.) • Interrogativa: Have / Has + suxeito + got. Have you got a pink diary? (Tes un diario rosa?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t (sen got). Has she got an iPhone? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t. (Ela ten un iPhone? Ten. Si. / Non.)
AS PARTÍCULAS INTERROGATIVAS
Afirmativa
Forma contraída
I have got
I’ve got
You have got
You’ve got
He has got
He’s got
She has got
She’s got
It has got
It’s got
We have got
We’ve got
You have got
You’ve got
They have got
They’ve got
Negativa
Forma contraída
O XENITIVO SAXÓN
I have not got
I haven’t got
You have not got
You haven’t got
He has not got
He hasn’t got
She has not got
She hasn’t got
It has not got
It hasn’t got
We have not got
We haven’t got
You have not got
You haven’t got
They have not got
They haven’t got
• Emprégase para sinalar posesión. Cando falamos sobre algo ou alguén que pertence a persoas, animais ou países, engádese un apóstrofo (’) e un s ao posuidor. Kevin’s brother (o irmán de Kevin) the dog’s teeth (os dentes do can) Scotland’s weather (o tempo de Escocia) • Se o posuidor é un plural regular ou conclúe en s, engádese só o apóstrofo (’), mais se é un plural irregular engádese ’s. my parents’ house (a casa de meus pais) the men’s job (o traballo dos homes) • Se o nome propio remata en s, pódese engadir ’ ou ’s. James’ / James’s family (a casa de James) • Coas cousas emprégase of, non o xenitivo saxón. the roof of the house (o tellado da casa)
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa
Negativa
Have I got ...?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Have you got ...?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
Has he got ...?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
Has she got ...?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
Has it got ...?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
Have we got ...?
Yes, we have.
No, we haven’t.
Have you got ...?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
Have they got ...?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
Who?
Quen?
Who is your sister?
What?
Que?, cal?, cales?
What colour are her eyes?
When?
Cando?
When is his birthday?
Where?
Onde?
Where are you from?
Why?
Por que?
Why are you happy?
Empréganse ao comezo das preguntas que non se poden contestar cun “Si” ou un “Non”.
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
11
Grammar Appendix These colours are dark. (Estas cores son escuras.) Those flowers are nice. (Esas flores son fermosas.)
OS ADXECTIVOS E PRONOMES POSESIVOS Pronomes persoais suxeito
Adxectivos posesivos
Pronomes posesivos
I
my
mine
you
your
yours
he
his
his
she
her
hers
it
its
-
we
our
ours
you
your
yours
they
their
theirs
UNIT 1
THERE IS / THERE ARE Contábeis
• Sinalan de quen é algo. • Os adxectivos posesivos sempre van diante do substantivo que sinala a cousa posuída, sen importar o xénero ou o número que esta teña. my house, my eyes (a miña casa, os meus ollos) • Na 3ª persoa do singular hai tres formas, dependendo do xénero do posuidor: masculino (his), feminino (her) ou neutro (its). • Os pronomes posesivos substitúen ao substantivo que sinala a cousa posuída e concordan co posuidor. This room is ours. (Este cuarto é noso.) • Na 3ª persoa do singular dos pronomes posesivos hai dúas formas: masculina (his) e feminina (hers). Non hai forma neutra.
Afirmativa
There is a banana. There is some There are some apples. tea.
Negativa
There isn’t an egg. There aren’t beans.
Interrogativa
Is there a pancake? Is there any Are there any onions? bread?
Respostas curtas
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
este / esta / isto
That
ese / esa / iso ou aquel / aquela / aquilo
OS DETERMINANTES
the
Refírense a nomes contábeis en singular e a nomes non contábeis. These
estes / estas
Those
eses / esas ou aqueles / aquelas
Con nomes contábeis e non contábeis. Empréganse diante dun nome que é coñecido polo falante. I have got an orange. The orange is big. o, a, os/as The sun is shining. The moon is full tonight.
Con nomes contábeis en singular. Empréganse diante dun nome que non é coñecido a / an polo falante.
Só para nomes contábeis en plural.
un / unha
• This / These indican que o substantivo ao que se refiren está preto do falante. • That / Those indican que o substantivo ao que se refiren está lonxe do falante. • Se se empregan como pronomes, non van seguidos dun substantivo. This is her pet. (Este é o seu animal de compañía.) That is my guitar. (Esa é a miña guitarra.) These are my brothers. (Estes son os meus irmáns.) Those are his glasses. (Aquelas son as súas lentes.) • Funcionan como adxectivos cando van diante dun substantivo. This dress is short. (Este vestido é curto.) That girl is tall. (Esa rapaza é alta.)
There isn’t any milk.
• Afirmativa: There is vai seguido de nomes contábeis en singular ou non contábeis. There are vai seguido de nomes contábeis en plural. Ambos os dous tradúcense como “Hai...”. • Negativa: There is / There are + a partícula not (There is not / There are not) ou a contracción n’t (There isn’t / There aren’t). • Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan con Is / Are + there. • Respostas curtas: vólvese á orde normal e na negativa empréganse as formas contraídas.
this, that, these, those This
Non contábeis
a strawberry, an egg
Con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. some uns/nhas, algúns/nhas There are some meatballs. algo de, un pouco de We’ve got some butter. (ou non se traduce) Frases negativas e interrogativas: Con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis.
any
ningún/nha nada de (ou non se traduce) algún/unha algúns/unhas algo de (ou non se traduce)
Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
They haven’t got any sandwiches. She hasn’t got any rice. Are there any chips? Have you got any butter? 12
Grammar Appendix HOW MUCH / HOW MANY Nomes contábeis en plural.
How many ...?
Cantos/as...?
How many restaurants are there? Nomes non contábeis. Cando vai co verbo to be serve para preguntar o prezo dunha cousa.
How much ...? Canto/a...?
How much sugar do you need? How much is it?
Empregamos estas expresións para preguntar pola cantidade de algo.
UNIT 2 O PRESENT SIMPLE Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contraída
I walk
I do not walk
I don’t walk
You walk
You do not walk
You don’t walk
He walks
He does not walk
He doesn’t walk
She walks
She does not walk
She doesn’t walk
It walks
It does not walk
It doesn’t walk
We walk
We do not walk
We don’t walk
You walk
You do not walk
You don’t walk
They walk
They do not walk
They don’t walk
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Do I walk ...?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Do you walk ...?
Yes, you do.
No, you don’t.
Does he walk ...?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
Does she walk ...? Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.
Does it walk ...?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn’t.
Do we walk ...?
Yes, we do.
No, we don’t.
Do you walk ...?
Yes, you do.
No, you don’t.
Do they walk ...?
Yes, they do.
No, they don’t.
• Afirmativa: é como a forma base do verbo (infinitivo sen to) en todas as persoas agás na 3ª do singular, na que se engade -s. He sleeps at home every day. (Dorme na casa todos os días.) Nos seguintes casos, engádese -es no canto de -s: - Se remata en ss, sh, ch ou x: pass - passes watch - watches wash - washes mix - mixes - Se remata en o: do - does go - goes - Os verbos rematados en consoante + y, cambian o y por un i: study - studies carry - carries
• Negativa: suxeito + do / does + not (o n’t) + verbo na forma base. My sister doesn’t like coconuts. (Á miña irmá non lle gustan os cocos.) • Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Do you live in England? (Vives en Inglaterra?) • Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t. Do wolves live in groups? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. (Os lobos viven en grupos? Viven. Si. / No.)
Os usos do Present Simple Verdades xerais e descricións
The sun sets in the west. (O sol ponse polo oeste.)
Feitos habituais ou cotiáns
We go to a cat café every week. (Imos a unha cafetaría de gatos cada semana.)
Gostos e opinións
Lions love meat. (Aos leóns encántalles a carne.)
Programas e horarios The train leaves at 5 o’clock. (O tren sae ás cinco en punto.) • Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: every day / week / year (todos/as días / semanas / anos), once / twice a year (unha / dúas veces ao ano), on + día da semana en plural, at night (pola noite), in the morning (pola mañá), in the summer (no verán), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I go to the dentist once a year. (Adoito ir ao dentista unha vez ao ano.)
OS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA • Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse os seguintes adverbios de frecuencia: always
sempre
usually
normalmente, polo xeral, xeralmente
often sometimes rarely never
a miúdo ás veces, algunhas veces ao raro nunca, xamais
• Estes adverbios expresan a frecuencia coa que se fai algunha cousa. Polo xeral colocánse diante do verbo principal, agás no caso do verbo to be, que van detrás. A giraffe usually sleeps for an hour a day. (Unha xirafa xeralmente dorme unha hora ao día.) Garfield is always tired. (Garfield está sempre canso.)
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Grammar Appendix UNIT 3 O PRESENT CONTINUOUS Afirmativa
Forma contraída
I am looking
I’m looking
You are looking
You’re looking
He is looking
He’s looking
She is looking
She’s looking
It is looking
It’s looking
We are looking
We’re looking
You are looking
You’re looking
They are looking
They’re looking
Negativa
Forma contraída
I am not looking
I’m not looking
You are not looking
You aren’t / You’re not looking
He is not looking
He isn’t / He’s not looking
She is not looking
She isn’t / She’s not looking
It is not looking
It isn’t / It’s not looking
We are not looking
We aren’t / We’re not looking
You are not looking
You aren’t / You’re not looking
They are not looking They aren’t / They’re not looking
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Am I looking?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Are you looking?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Is he looking?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Is she looking?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Is it looking?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
Are we looking?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Are you looking?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Are they looking?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
Expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres se fala ou no período de tempo presente. • Afirmativa: suxeito + am / is / are + un verbo rematado en -ing. She is reading now. (Ela está a ler arestora.) N os seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing: - Se remata en e mudo, pérdese o e: live - living - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: run - running sit - sitting - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na última, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: prefer - preferring begin - beginning - Se remata en l, dóbrase a devandita letra: travel - travelling
- Se remata en ie, cámbiase ie por un y: lie - lying die - dying • Negativa: suxeito + am / is / are + not ou a n’t (que se pode engadir a is e are, mais non a am) + un verbo rematado en -ing. Na conversa adoita empregarse a forma contraída. She isn’t studying at the moment. (Ela non está a estudar neste intre.) • Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are + suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Are they watching a film right now? (Están a ver unha película agora mesmo?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + verbo to be (sen contraer en afirmativa o contraído en negativa). Are you waiting for a pizza? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Estás a agardar unha pizza? Estou. Si. / No.) • Co Present Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: now (agora, arestora), at the moment (neste intre /momento), right now (agora mesmo, xusto agora), today (hoxe), these days (hoxe en día), this week (esta semana), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I am buying some clothes right now. (Estou a mercar algo de roupa agora mesmo.)
CONTRASTE PRESENT cONTINUOUS / present SIMPLE O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer mentres se fala. They usually meet at the sports centre, but today they’re meeting at the library. (Polo xeral encóntranse no polideportivo, mais hoxe encóntranse na biblioteca.)
Os verbos “estáticos” Empréganse para expresar gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións, actividades da mente e opinións, percepción e posesión e non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. love like hate want think remember know understand believe see hear smell taste feel own
gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións
actividades da mente e opinións
percepción
posesión
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Os empregos do verbo can Grammar Appendix
I like the new museum. (Gústame o novo museo.) Do you know his phone number? (Sabes o seu número de teléfono?) The fish smells bad. (O peixe cheira mal.) My father owns a restaurant. (Meu pai ten un restaurante.)
Habilidade ou capacidade He can read books in German. para facer algo: “saber” (El sabe ler libros en alemán.) Posibilidade de facer I can drive you home. algo: “poder” (Podo levarte á casa.) Pedimento de permiso Can you come tomorrow? ou favores: “poder” (Podes vir mañá?)
Must / Mustn’t
UNIT 4 OS MODAIs Can / Can’t Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contraída
I can run
I cannot run
I can’t run
You can run
You cannot run
You can’t run
He can run
He cannot run
He can’t run
She can run
She cannot run
She can’t run
It can run
It cannot run
It can’t run
We can run
We cannot run
We can’t run
You can run
You cannot run
You can’t run
They can run
They cannot run
They can’t run
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa
Negativa
Can I run?
Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.
Can you run?
Yes, you can.
No, you can’t.
Can he run?
Yes, he can.
No, he can’t.
Can she run?
Yes, she can.
No, she can’t.
Can it run?
Yes, it can.
No, it can’t.
Can we run?
Yes, we can.
No, we can’t.
Can you run?
Yes, you can.
No, you can’t.
Can they run?
Yes, they can.
No, they can’t.
O verbo modal can significa “saber” ou “poder”. • Afirmativa: suxeito + can + verbo na forma base. Como é un verbo modal, non se engade -s na 3ª persoa do singular. He can do judo. (El sabe facer judo.) • Negativa: suxeito + cannot ou can’t + verbo na forma base. My sister can’t play basketball. (A miña irmá non sabe / pode xogar ao baloncesto.) • Interrogativa: Can + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Can you swim? (Sabes / Podes nadar?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + can ou can’t. Can you lift heavy weights? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. (Podes erguer pesos pesados? Podo. Si. / Non.)
Afirmativa
Negativa
I must practise You must practise He must practise She must practise It must practise We must practise You must practise They must practise
I mustn’t practise You mustn’t practise He mustn’t practise She mustn’t practise It mustn’t practise We mustn’t practise You mustn’t practise They mustn’t practise
O verbo modal must en afirmativa significa “deber” e expresa a obriga ou a necesidade grande de facer algunha cousa. En negativa expresa prohibición, que algunha cousa non está permitida ou que non se debe facer pois non convén ou non é correcto. • Afirmativa: suxeito + must + verbo na forma base. Como tamén é un verbo modal, non se engade -s na 3ª persoa do singular. You must wear a uniform. (Debes levar uniforme.) • Negativa: suxeito + must not ou mustn’t + verbo en forma base. You mustn’t eat here. (Non debes comer aquí.) [está prohibido] • Interrogativa: Must + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Neste caso, must expresa obriga ou necesidade, aínda que este verbo modal non se adoita empregar na forma interrogativa. Must I do my homework now? (Debo facer os deberes agora?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + must ou mustn’t. Must we kick the ball? Yes, you must. / No, you mustn’t. (Debemos darlle unha patada á pelota? Debedes. Si. / Non.)
Should / Shouldn’t Afirmativa
Negativa
I should go You should go He should go She should go It should go We should go You should go
I shouldn’t go You shouldn’t go He shouldn’t go She shouldn’t go It shouldn’t go We shouldn’t go You shouldn’t go
They should go
They shouldn’t go
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Grammar Appendix Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Should I go? Should you go? Should he go? Should she go? Should it go? Should we go? Should you go? Should they go?
Yes, I should. Yes, you should. Yes, he should. Yes, she should. Yes, it should. Yes, we should. Yes, you should. Yes, they should.
No, I shouldn’t. No, you shouldn’t. No, he shouldn’t. No, she shouldn’t. No, it shouldn’t. No, we shouldn’t. No, you shouldn’t. No, they shouldn’t.
• Afirmativa: suxeito + should + verbo na forma base. Como tamén é un verbo modal, non se engade -s na 3ª persoa do singular. He should eat healthy food. (Debería comer comida saudábel.) • Negativa: suxeito + should not ou shouldn’t + verbo na forma base. You shouldn’t drive quickly. (Non deberías conducir á présa.) • Interrogativa: Should + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Should I choose a character? (Debería escoller un personaxe?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + should o shouldn’t. Should I lose weight? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t. (Debería perder peso? Deberías. Si. / Non.)
Os empregos do should / shouldn’t You should do sport. (Deberías facer deporte.) Dicir o que se debería He shouldn’t dance at parties. ou non facer (Non debería bailar nas festas.) Dar consellos
OS ADVERBIOS DE MODO Adverbio de modo
Adxectivo bad
malo/a, mao/má
badly
mal
slow
lento/a
slowly
amodo, devagar, engorde
quick
rápido/a
generous
á présa, rapidamente con coidado, coidadoso/a carefully coidadosamente con facilidade, fácil, doado/a easily facilmente en silencio, sen calado/a quietly facer ruído con claridade, claro/a clearly claramente xeneroso/a generously xenerosamente
regular
regular
careful easy quiet clear
quickly
regularly
• Os adverbios de modo modifican os verbos, pois describen a forma en que se realiza a acción. Con eles respóndese ás preguntas que comezan por How ...? (Como...?). • Fórmanse engadindo a terminación -ly ao adxectivo correspondente. She always does her work carefully. (Ela sempre fai o seu traballo con coidado.) • Os adxectivos rematados en consoante + y, cambian o y por i e logo engaden -ly. easy - easily happy - happily
Adxectivo
Adverbio de modo irregular
good
bo/a
well
hard
duro/a, difícil hard
fast
rápido/a
fast
á présa, rapidamente
high
alto/a
high
a grande altura
ben duramente, moito
• Hai adverbios irregulares, como os da táboa anterior. They swim fast. (Eles nadan á présa.)
OS ADVERBIOS DE INTENSIDADE very
moi
quite
bastante, moi
not at all
nada, en absoluto
fairly
bastante
reasonably
bastante, razoabelmente
slightly
lixeiramente, un chisco, un pouco
completely
completamente
• Van diante doutros adverbios ou de adxectivos e matizan o seu significado dando unha idea de maior ou menor intensidade. She jumps quite high. (Ela salta bastante alto.) Jane doesn’t swim at all well. (Jane non nada nada ben.)
UNIT 5 O COMPARATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOS A forma comparativa Para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas empréganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. • O comparativo de superioridade (máis ... que/ca/do que) emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra en algún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo:
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Grammar Appendix 1 . Se ten 1 sílaba, ou 2 e remata en y, o adxectivo considérase curto e engádeselle a terminación -er. Detrás pónselle a partícula than. My hair is shorter than yours. (O meu pelo é máis curto que o teu.) Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo muda ao lle engadir -er: - Se ten 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esa consoante: thin - thinner big - bigger - Se ten 2 sílabas e remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: silly - sillier ugly - uglier - Se remata en l, duplícase a devandita letra: cruel - crueller - Se conclúe en e mudo, só se engade -r: nice - nicer 2 . Se ten 2 sílabas ou máis, o adxectivo considérase longo e a comparativa fórmase con more + adxectivo + than. This book is more interesting than that film. (Este libro é máis interesante que esa película.) • O comparativo de igualdade fórmase usando (not) as + adxectivo + as ((non) tan/tanto ... como/a). She isn’t as intelligent as you. (Ela non é tan intelixente coma ti.) • O comparativo de inferioridade fórmase con less + adxectivo + than (menos ... que/ca ou do que). Westerns are less enjoyable than comedies. (As películas do Oeste son menos entretidas que as comedias.)
A forma superlativa Emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre as demais. • Ponse the diante do adxectivo e tamén cómpre ter en conta a súa lonxitude: - Se é curto, engádeselle a terminación -est. Jim is the oldest student in the class. (Jim é o alumno máis vello da clase.) Segue as mesmas regras que para formar o comparativo con -er. big - biggest sad - saddest pretty - prettiest happy - happiest wide - widest large - largest cruel - cruellest - Se é longo, ponse diante the most. This is the most frightening story I know. (Esta é a historia máis arrepiante que coñezo.) • O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicións in, of e on. Is Copenhagen the most beautiful city in Europe? (Copenhague é a cidade máis bonita de Europa?)
T oday is the most special day of the year. (Hoxe é o día máis especial do ano.) What’s the most dangerous place on Earth? (Cal é o lugar máis perigoso da Terra?) • Para sinalar que alguén ou algo é inferior que o resto nalgún aspecto emprégase a estrutura the least + adxectivo. This lesson is the least boring one in the book. (Esta lección é a menos aborrecida do libro.)
Os adxectivos irregulares Ao non seguiren regra ningunha, cómpre aprender as súas formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria.
Adxectivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
good (bo, bon/boa)
better than
the best
bad (malo/a; mao/má)
worse than
the worst
farther / further than less than
the farthest / furthest the least
far (afastado/a) little (pouco/a)
UNIT 6 O PAST SIMPLE Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contraída
I started
I did not start
I didn’t start
You started
You did not start
You didn’t start
He started
He did not start
He didn’t start
She started
She did not start
She didn’t start
It started
It did not start
It didn’t start
We started
We did not start
We didn’t start
You started
You did not start
You didn’t start
They started
They did not start
They didn’t start
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Did I start ...?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
Did you start ...?
Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.
Did he start ...?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
Did she start ...?
Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t.
Did it start ...?
Yes, it did.
No, it didn’t.
Did we start ...?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
Did you start ...?
Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.
Did they start ...?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.
• Afirmativa: fórmase engadindo -ed aos verbos regulares e é igual en todas as persoas. I walked home last night. (Camiñei ata a casa onte á noite.)
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N os seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ed: - Se remata en e mudo, só se engade -d: dance - danced arrive - arrived - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: stop - stopped plan - planned - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted - Se remata en l, dóbrase esa letra: travel - travelled - Se conclúe en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: study - studied try - tried • Negativa: suxeito + did not ou didn’t + un verbo na forma base. She didn’t live there. (Ela non viviu alí.) • Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Did you discover the truth? (Ti descubriches a verdade?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did ou didn’t. Did he climb Mount Everest? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. (Escalou o Everest? Escalou. Si. / No.)
Os usos do Past Simple Expresarmos accións pasadas Dicirmos qué se fixo nun momento concreto Contarmos historias en pasado
He worked in a bank one year ago. (Traballou nun banco hai un ano.) They used the computer yesterday. (Eles empregaron o ordenador onte.) I studied for two hours. Then I played with my brother. (Estudei ao longo de dúas horas. Logo xoguei co meu irmán.)
Contarmos como eran The war started in 1939. (A as cousas noutro guerra comezou en 1939.) tempo • Co Past Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final de expresión, last night / week / year (esta noite, a semana pasada, o ano pasado), at + unha hora, on + un día ou unha data, in + un ano, in the past (no pasado), yesterday (onte), etc. Poden ir ao comezo ou ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. The plane arrived at 5 pm. (O avión chegou ás 5 p.m.) We talked to him last week. (Falamos con el a semana pasada.)
Grammar Appendix O Past Simple dos verbos irregulares Os verbos irregulares mudan a súa forma de pasado en afirmativa. Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprendelos de memoria. Nas páxinas 23-24 hai unha listaxe, e estoutros son tamén algúns dos máis comúns: be
was / were
ser, estar
begin
began
comezar
do
did
facer
go
went
ir
have
had
ter
hear
heard
oír, ouvir
read
read
ler
see
saw
ver
sing
sang
cantar
O verbo to be ten dúas formas desemellantes de pasado.
Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contraída
I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were
I was not You were not He was not She was not It was not We were not You were not They were not
I wasn’t You weren’t He wasn’t She wasn’t It wasn’t We weren’t You weren’t They weren’t
M y father was a firefighter 30 years ago. (Meu pai foi bombeiro hai 30 anos.) We weren’t at the cinema on Wednesday. (Non estabamos no cinema o mércores.)
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Was I ...? Were you ...? Was he ...? Was she ...? Was it ...? Were we ...? Were you ...? Were they ...?
Yes, I was. Yes, you were. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were. Yes, they were.
No, I wasn’t. No, you weren’t. No, he wasn’t. No, she wasn’t. No, it wasn’t. No, we weren’t. No, you weren’t. No, they weren’t.
W here were you yesterday evening? (Onde estabas onte á noite?) Was her grandfather a plumber? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. (O seu avó era fontaneiro? Era. Si. / Non.)
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Grammar Appendix THERE WAS / THERE WERE
UNIT 7
Contábeis
Non contábeis
Afirmativa
There was a tree. There were dishes.
There was some butter.
Negativa
There wasn’t a plant. There weren’t balls.
There wasn’t any music.
You were doing You were not doing You weren’t doing He was doing
He was not doing
He wasn’t doing
Was there any rice?
She was doing
She was not doing
She wasn’t doing
It was doing
It was not doing
It wasn’t doing
Interrogativa
Was there a child? Were there paintings?
Respostas curtas
Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t. Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.
Son as formas do pasado de There is e There are e, polo tanto, significan “Había...” ou “Houbo...”. • Afirmativa: There was vai seguido de nomes contábeis en singular ou non contábeis. There were vai seguido de nomes contábeis en plural. • Negativa: There was / There were + a partícula not (There was not / There were not) ou a contracción n’t (There wasn’t / There weren’t). • Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan polo verbo Was / Were + there. • Respostas curtas: vólvese á orde normal e na negativa empréganse as formas contraídas.
O PAST continuous Afirmativa
Negativa
Forma contraída
I was doing
I was not doing
I wasn’t doing
We were doing We were not doing We weren’t doing You were doing You were not doing You weren’t doing They were doing They were not doing They weren’t doing
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Was I doing ...?
Yes, I was.
Were you doing ...?
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Was he doing ...?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
Was she doing ...?
Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.
Was it doing ...?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.
Were we doing ...?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
Were you doing ...?
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Were they doing ...?
Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
No, I wasn’t.
• Afirmativa: suxeito + was / were + un verbo rematado en -ing. I was eating in the dining room. (Estaba a comer no comedor.) As regras para engadir -ing atópanse na páxina 14. • Negativa: suxeito + was / were + a partícula not ou a contracción n’t + un verbo rematado en -ing. You weren’t sleeping in your bed. (Non estabas a durmir na túa cama.) • Interrogativa: Was / Were + suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Were you cleaning the bathrooms? (Estabas a limpar os cuartos de baño?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + was / were sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Was he writing in his notebook? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. (Estaba a escribir no seu caderno? Estaba. Si. / Non.)
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Grammar Appendix Os usos do Past Continuous Expresarmos o que estaba a ocorrer no pasado
They were sitting on the sofa at 9 o’clock that evening. (Estaban sentados na cadeira de brazos ás nove en punto esa noite.)
Describirmos dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado
We were watching a film and they were listening to music. (Estabamos a ver unha película e eles estaban a escoitar música.)
UNIT 8 O FUTURO CON BE GOING TO Afirmativa
Forma contraída
I am going to fly
I’m going to fly
You are going to fly
You’re going to fly
He is going to fly
He’s going to fly
She is going to fly
She’s going to fly
It is going to fly
It’s going to fly
We are going to fly
We’re going to fly
You are going to fly
You’re going to fly
They are going to fly
They’re going to fly
Negativa e forma contraída I am not / I’m not going to fly You are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to fly He is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to fly She is not / She isn’t / She’s not going to fly It is not / It isn’t / It’s not going to fly We are not / We aren’t / We’re not going to fly You are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to fly They are not / They aren’t / They’re not going to fly
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Am I going to fly?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Are you going to fly?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Is he going to fly?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Is she going to fly?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Is it going to fly?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
Are we going to fly?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Are you going to fly?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Are they going to fly?
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Significa “ir / non ir” + infinitivo.
• Afirmativa: suxeito + to be en presente + going to + verbo na forma base. Tim is going to sail on a boat this afternoon. (Tim vai navegar en barco esta tarde.) • Negativa: suxeito + to be en presente + not (n’t) + going to + verbo na forma base. They aren’t going to visit India soon. (Non van ir visitar a India axiña.) • Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going to + verbo na forma base. Is she going to travel around the world? (Ela vai viaxar arredor do mundo?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Are you going to go hiking on Sunday? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Vas ir facer sendeirismo o domingo? Vou. Si. / Non.)
Os usos do futuro con be going to Falarmos de intencións, proxectos ou intencións
I’m going to cook sausages for dinner. (Vou cociñar salchichas para cear.)
Expresarmos o que vai Look at the clouds! It‘s going to ocorrer porque vemos rain. indicios diso (Mira as nubes! Vai chover!) • Con be going to adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: later (máis tarde, logo), soon (axiña, nun pouco), this afternoon / evening (esta tarde), tonight (esta noite), tomorrow (mañá), in + un ano, next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que vén / vindeiro/a), in the future (no futuro), on + un día da semana ou data, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I’m going to wear sandals tomorrow. (Vou levar sandalias mañá.) Next weekend, I am going to have a party. (A vindeira fin de semana, vou facer unha festa.)
O PRESENT CONTINUOUS con valor de futuro • O Present Continuous (como xa viu na unidade 3) emprégase para expresar o que está a ocorrer no momento de falar. Fórmase con to be + un verbo rematado en -ing, e débense seguir unhas regras ortográficas para engadir axeitadamente esa terminación. • Pero, ademais, o Present Continuous ten “valor de futuro” pois emprégase para falar de accións fixadas con antelación que ocorrerán no futuro próximo. My family and I are moving to London this summer. (A miña familia e mais eu trasladámonos / trasladarémonos a Londres este verán.)
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Grammar Appendix • A diferenza co Present Continuous normal está en que o que ten valor de futuro debe levar unha expresión temporal de futuro que indique cando vai ocorrer a acción: this afternoon / evening (esta tarde), on + un día da semana ou unha data, in + un mes ou un ano, next week / month (a semana / o mes que vén / vindeiro/a), at + unha hora, tomorrow (mañá), in ten minutes (en dez minutos), etc. The plane is leaving in two hours. (O avión sae / sairá en dúas horas.)
UNIT 9 O FUTURO CON will Afirmativa
Forma contraída
I will win You will win He will win She will win It will win We will win You will win They will win
I’ll win You’ll win He’ll win She’ll win It’ll win We’ll win You’ll win They’ll win
Negativa
Forma contraída
I will not win You will not win He will not win She will not win It will not win We will not win You will not win They will not win
I won’t win You won’t win He won’t win She won’t win It won’t win We won’t win You won’t win They won’t win
Interrogativa
Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa
Will I win ...? Will you win ...? Will he win ...? Will she win ...? Will it win ...? Will we win ...? Will you win ...? Will they win ...?
Yes, I will. Yes, you will. Yes, he will. Yes, she will. Yes, it will. Yes, we will. Yes, you will. Yes, they will.
No, I won’t. No, you won’t. No, he won’t. No, she won’t. No, it won’t. No, we won’t. No, you won’t. No, they won’t.
• Afirmativa: suxeito + o auxiliar will + verbo na forma base. É igual en todas as persoas. Na conversa, will contrae co suxeito (’ll) e pronúnciase como un só “l”. We will receive a good mark in the test. (Obteremos unha boa cualificacióin no exame.)
• Negativa: suxeito + will not ou won’t + verbo na forma base. They won’t make mistakes. (Eles non cometerán erros.) • Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Will it rain tomorrow? (Choverá mañá?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won’t. Will you copy the pictures onto your laptop computer? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Copiarás as fotos no teu ordenador portátil? Copiarei. Si. / Non.)
Usos do futuro con will Predicirmos o que se cre que ocorrerá
I think they will win the match. (Coido que gañarán o partido.)
Expresarmos decisións súpetas
It’s cold. I’ll close the window. (Vai frío. Pecharei a ventá.)
• Con will adoitan empregarse expresións temporais como later (máis tarde, logo), soon (axiña, nun pouco), in an hour (nunha hora), tomorrow (mañá), next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que vén / vindeiro/a), etc. Tamén se empregan outras que sinalan un futuro afastado: in ten years (en dez anos), in + un ano, one day (algún día), in the future (no futuro), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. In the future, we will only read books on computers. (No futuro só leremos libros nos ordenadores.)
O PRIMEIRO CONDICIONAL Emprégase para falarmos de accións que ocorrerán se se cumpre a condición sinalada. As oracións condicionais teñen dúas partes: unha proposición subordinada que expresa a condición e unha principal que sinala o resultado. • Afirmativa: a condición (oración subordinada) exprésase con if + Present Simple, e o resultado (oración principal) adoita ir en futuro con will. Se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre a oración principal e a subordinada. If he gets home late, his parents will be angry. (Se el chega tarde á casa, os seus pais enfadaranse.) His parents will be angry if he gets home late. (Os seus pais enfadaranse se el chega tarde á casa.)
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Grammar Appendix • Negativa: pódese negar o verbo en presente, o verbo en futuro ou ambos os dous. If she doesn’t come to school, I will call her. (Se ela non vén á escola, chamareina.) If she comes to school, I won’t call her. (Se ela vén á escola, non a chamarei.) If she doesn’t come to school, I won’t call her. (Se ela non vén á escola, non a chamarei.) • Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Will they watch TV if it is sunny? (Verán a televisión se vai sol?) • Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won’t. Will you need a new keyboard if you buy this computer? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Precisarás un novo teclado se mercas este ordenador? Precisarei. Si. / Non.)
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r IrregublaList Ver BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
GALEGO
be /VA/ beat /VAW/ become /VB'YJl/ begin /VB'ZBm/ bend /VCmX/ bet /VCW/ bite /VOW/ bleed /VoAX/ blow /VoLH/ break /VpMY/ bring /VpBn/ build /VBoX/ burn /VKm/ buy /VO/ catch /Yæa/ choose /aIh/ come /YJl/ cost /YFgW/ cut /YJW/ dig /XBZ/ do /XI/ draw /XpG/ dream /XpAl/ drink /XpBnY/ drive /XpOd/ eat /AW/ fall /cGo/ feed /cAX/ feel /cAo/ fight /cOW/ find /cOmX/ fly /coO/ forget /cL'ZCW/ forgive /cL'ZBd/ freeze /cpAh/ get /ZCW/ give /ZBd/ go /ZN/ grow /ZpN/ hang /kæn/ have /kæd/ hear /kBL/ hide /kOX/ hit /kBW/ hold /kNoX/ hurt /kKW/ keep /YAU/ know /mN/ lay /oCB/ lead /oAX/
was/were /rFh/rK/ beat /VAW/ became /VB'YMl/ began /VB'Zæm/ bent /VCmW/ bet /VCW/ bit /VBW/ bled /VoCX/ blew /VoI/ broke /VpLHY/ brought /VpGW/ built /VBoW/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ bought /VGW/ caught /YGW/ chose /aLHh/ came /YMl/ cost /YFgW/ cut /YJW/ dug /XJZ/ did /XBX/ drew /XpI/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ drank /XpænY/ drove /XpLHd/ ate /CBW/ fell /cCo/ fed /cCX/ felt /cCoW/ fought /cGW/ found /cPmX/ flew /coI/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ froze /cpLHh/ got /ZFW/ gave /ZMd/ went /rCmW/ grew /ZpI/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ had /kæX/ heard /kKX/ hid /kBX/ hit /kBW/ held /kCoX/ hurt /kKW/ kept /YCUW/ knew /mqI/ laid /oCBX/ led /oCX/
been /VAm/ beaten /'VAWm/ become /VB'YJl/ begun /VB'ZJm/ bent /VCmW/ bet /VCW/ bitten /'VBWm/ bled /VoCX/ blown /VoLHm/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ brought /VpGW/ built /VBoW/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ bought /VGW/ caught /YGW/ chosen /'aLHhm/ come /YJl/ cost /YFgW/ cut /YJW/ dug /XJZ/ done /XJm/ drawn /XpGm/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ drunk /XpJnY/ driven /'XpBdm/ eaten /AWm/ fallen /'cGoLm/ fed /cCX/ felt /cCoW/ fought /cGW/ found /cPmX/ flown /coLHm/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ got /ZFW/ given /ZBdm/ gone /ZFm/ grown /ZpNm/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ had /kæX/ heard /kKX/ hidden /'kBXm/ hit /kBW/ held /kCoX/ hurt /kKW/ kept /YCUW/ known /mNm/ laid /oCBX/ led /oCX/
ser, estar golpear, bater chegar a ser, converterse comezar dobrar(se) apostar trabar sangrar soprar crebar, romper traer construír queimar mercar coller, agarrar elixir vir custar cortar cavar facer debuxar soñar beber conducir comer caer alimentar sentir(se) loitar, pelexar atopar voar esquecer perdoar conxelar(se) c onseguir, acadar; chegar dar ir crecer, medrar; cultivar pendurar ter; haber oír, ouvir agochar golpear, bater, pegar suxeitar, termar de f erir, mancar; doer gardar, manter saber, coñecer poñer, pór; estender guiar, conducir
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BASE FORM (V1)
PAST SIMPLE (V2)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)
Irregular Verb List GALEGO
learn /oKm/ leave /oAd/ lend /oCmX/ let /oCW/ lie /oO/ lie /oO/ (regular verb) light /oOW/ lose /oIh/ make /lCBY/ mean /lAm/ meet /lAW/ pay /UM/ put /UHW/ read /pAX/ ride /pOX/ ring /pBn/ rise /pOh/ run /pJm/ say /gM/ see /gA/ sell /gCo/ send /gCmX/ set /gCW/ shake /iMY/ shine /iOm/ shoot /iIW/ show /iLH/ shut /iJW/ sing /gBn/ sink /gBnY/ sit /gBW/ sleep /goAU/ smell /glCo/ speak /gUAY/ spell /gUCo/ spend /gUCmX/ stand /gWæmX/ steal /gWAo/ stick /gWBY/ sweep /grAU/ swim /grBl/ take /WMY/ teach /WAa/ tear /WCL/ tell /WCo/ think /eBnY/ throw /epN/ understand /JmXC'gWæmX/ wake up /rMY 'JU/ wear /rCL/ win /rBm/ write /pOW/
learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ left /oCcW/ lent /oCmW/ let /oCW/ lay /oCB/ lied /oOX/ lit /oBW/ lost /oFgW/ made /lCBX/ meant /lCmW/ met /lCW/ paid /UMX/ put /UHW/ read /pCX/ rode /pLHX/ rang /pæn/ rose /pLHh/ ran /pæm/ said /gCX/ saw /gG/ sold /gLHoX/ sent /gCmW/ set /gCW/ shook /iHY/ shone /iFm/ shot /iFW/ showed /iLHX/ shut /iJW/ sang /gæn/ sank /gænY/ sat /gæW/ slept /goCUW/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ spoke /gULHY/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spent /gUCmW/ stood /gWHX/ stole /gWLHo/ stuck /gWJY/ swept /grCUW/ swam /græl/ took /WHY/ taught /WGW/ tore /WG/ told /WLHoX/ thought /eGW/ threw /epI/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ wore /rG/ won /rJm/ wrote /pLHW/
learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ left /oCcW/ lent /oCmW/ let /oCW/ lain /oCBm/ lied /oOX/ lit /oBW/ lost /oFgW/ made /lCBX/ meant /lCmW/ met /lCW/ paid /UMX/ put /UHW/ read /pCX/ ridden /'pBXm/ rung /pJn/ risen /'pBhm/ run /pJm/ said /gCX/ seen /gAm/ sold /gLHoX/ sent /gCmW/ set /gCW/ shaken /'iMYLm/ shone /iFm/ shot /iFW/ shown /iLHm/ shut /iJW/ sung /gJn/ sunk /gJnY/ sat /gæW/ slept /goCUW/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ spoken /gULHYLm/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spent /gUCmW/ stood /gWHX/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ stuck /gWJY/ swept /grCUW/ swum /grJl/ taken /'WMYLm/ taught /WGW/ torn /WGm/ told /WLHoX/ thought /eGW/ thrown /epNm/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ worn /rGm/ won /rJm/ written /'pBWm/
aprender deixar; marchar, irse, saír emprestar permitir, deixar tombarse, deitarse mentir acender, prender perder facer, fabricar significar, querer dicir coñecer a; xuntarse / quedar con pagar poñer, pór ler montar chamar, telefonar elevarse, erguerse correr dicir ver vender enviar colocar axitar brillar, escintilar disparar amosar, ensinar pechar cantar afundir sentar durmir ulir, cheirar falar soletrear gastar; pasar (tempo) estar a pé roubar pegar varrer nadar coller; levar ensinar rachar, esgazar dicir, contar coidar, pensar tirar; guindar, lanzar comprender, entender espertar levar posto, vestir gañar escribir
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Writing Guide ANTES DE ESCRIBIRMOS >> Brainstorming
REPASA O ESCRITO >> Checking your work
• Repara en que comprendes o tema sobre o que vas escribir.
A PUNTUACIÓN
• Fai unha listaxe de ideas relacionadas con ese tema e anota todas as que se che ocorran sen preocuparte pola gramática nin pola ortografía.
• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. There are small strawberries. There isn’t any cold milk. • A vírgula (,) emprégase para separarmos palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. There are eggs, bananas and oranges. • O sinal de interrogación (?) ponse só ao final das preguntas. Is there any white rice? Are there any hot dogs? • O sinal de exclamación (!) tamén se pon só ao final da frase e serve para expresarmos unha emoción ou un sentimento e para facer fincapé en algo. This Japanese meal is delicious!
• Logo le esa listaxe de ideas e elixe as importantes.
ORGANIZA A TÚA REDACCIÓN >> Organising your writing Un parágrafo divídese en tres partes: • O limiar, introdución ou primeira oración (opening sentence), que presenta o tema. • O desenvolvemento ou corpo (body of the paragraph), que amplía a idea principal con información importante. • A conclusión ou derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume o tema e repite a idea principal con outras palabras.
(Punctuation)
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO - VERBO (Word order: Subject – Verb)
black hair and big, brown eyes. She’s
O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo. Lions are big. She is tall. s v s v Mais nas preguntas, o verbo vai diante do suxeito. Are lions big? Is she tall? v s v s
really nice. She loves reading and
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS
I’ve got a new friend at school.
opening sentence
Her name is Cathy and she’s from the USA. She’s short and she’s got long
body of paragraph
(Word order: Adjectives)
she’s always got great stories to tell. Everyone in the class likes Cathy.
closing sentence
Polo xeral van diante dos nomes. fat cats delicious food adj n adj n E tamén detrás do verbo to be. These cats are fat. This food is delicious. v adj v adj
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS (Word order: Adverbs) • Os adverbios de intensidade e de modo van detrás do verbo. Os de intensidade van diante dos de modo. You can swim quite quickly. adverb of degree adverb of manner • Os adverbios de frecuencia van diante do verbo nas oracións afirmativas. She never eats meat. adv v Mais se o verbo é to be, o adverbio vai detrás. He is often tired. v adv Advanced Real English 1 Galician © B Burlington Books
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Writing Guide AS MAIÚSCULAS
AS PREPOSICIÓNS DE TEMPO
(Capital letters) Escríbense con maiúscula:
(Prepositions of Time)
• os nomes e títulos de persoas: Wendy James, Ms Julie Clark, Dr Moore • os nomes de lugares como cidades, países, continentes, edificios famosos, museos, etc.: Rome, France, Asia, Buckingham Palace, the Metropolitan Museum • as nacionalidades: Chinese, Italian, English • os días: Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday • os meses: September, January, July • a primeira palabra dunha oración: We live in New York. • o pronome persoal I: I play football every day. • os idiomas: French, Russian, Portuguese • as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros e películas, cancións, festividades e xogos de ordenador.
Empréganse distintas preposicións diante das horas e os períodos de festa, os días e as datas, os meses, os anos e as partes do día. É moi importante que saibas empregar a correcta en cada un dos casos. Préstalle atención a estes exemplos: • at + horas: at five o’clock
+ festividades:
at Christmas
• on + días da semana:
on Thursday
+ datas:
on 21st October on Christmas Day
• in
+ meses:
in May
+ estacións:
in spring
+ anos:
in 2018
+ partes do día:
in the afternoon at the weekend at night
Avatar
Agás:
Say a Prayer
AS PARTES DO CORREO ELECTRÓNICO
Easter
(Parts of an e-mail)
Sim City
Un correo electrónico debe incluír estas partes ademais do desenvolvemento:
The Lord of the Rings
OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA
• o enderezo de correo electrónico do destinatario
(Connectors of Sequence) Ao contarmos unha serie de feitos empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron: • first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar)
• o asunto do correo electrónico: o tema ou a razón pola que se escribe • o saúdo: inclúe o nome do destinatario • a despedida: esta expresión vai despois do desenvolvemento e antes do nome de quen escribe.
• then (logo, daquela, entón) • next (a continuación, deseguido) • finally (finalmente, para rematar) T hursday was a great day. First, I got 100% in my English test. Then, Greg invited me to a party. Next, my class won the football match. Finally, in the evening my parents and I went to a Chinese restaurant for dinner. Thursday was a special day.
AS CONXUNCIÓNS (Linking words) Son palabras que unen dúas ou máis ideas. • and (e) une dúas oracións ou ideas. The armchair is blue and the sofa is purple. • but (mais, pero) une dúas ideas contraditorias entre si. I like the lamp but I don’t like the carpet. • because (porque) dá a razón ou causa dalgunha cousa. I like the pillows because pink is a happy colour.
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