Bilbao Universidad del País Vasco – Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Servicio Editorial = Argitalpen Zerbitzua, 2012. ISBN: 978-84-9860-595-2 Depósito Legal / Lege gordailua: BI-142-2012 Benjamín Tejerina and Ignacia Perugorría (editors) Edition: Mikel Azpiri Landa Book cover design: Josu Aguinaga Cueto
From Social to Political New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Edited by Benjamín Tejerina and Ignacia Perugorría
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Organizing Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6FLHQWL¿F&RPPLWWHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conference Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ARAB SPRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Mobilizing during the Arab Revolutions: Palestinian Youth Speak for Themselves Abeer Musleh (Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Iconography and Contestatory Language in the Arab Protest Moisés Garduño García (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Social Media and New Technologies in Egypt and Tunisia: Two Examples of Innovative Forms of Democratization Stefania Perna (University of Reading) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Gdeim Izik. A Change in the Struggle Strategies of the Sahrawi Population Carmen Gómez Martín (EHESS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
15M AND “INDIGNADO” MOBILIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Antecedents, Achievements and Challenges of the Spanish Socio-Political Movement 15M Tomás Alberich Nistal (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Continuities and Discontinuities in Recent Social Mobilizations. From New Social Movements to the Alter-Global Mobilizations and the 15M Benjamín Tejerina and Ignacia Perugorría (UPV-EHU and Rutgers University) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
The Assemblies of 15th May Movement in Cáceres: An Example of Democracy School, a Road to Dialogic Society Borja Rivero Jiménez (Universidad de Extremadura) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Among Militants and Deliberative Laboratories: The Indignados Héloïse Nez (Université Paris 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PROTESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 The Notion of the Multitude and Lessons from the Present Cycle of Struggles: The Case of Greece Nikos Sotirakopoulos (University of Kent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Occupy: A New “New Social Movement” Lauren Langman (Loyola University) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
YOUTH AND STUDENT MOBILIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 The New Wave of Student Mobilizations in Europe Explained as a Fordist-Posfordist Transition Joseba Fernández González (UPV-EHU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Precarious Present, Uncertain Future: Multiple Dimensions of Precarity as a Symbolic Tool and Resource in the Italian University Mobilization Lorenzo Zamponi (European University Institute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EMOTIONS AND AFFECTS IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Transforming the Ominous into Happiness: How Antinuclear Drive was Tamed in the Post-War Japan? Daishiro Nomiya (Sophia University). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
RETHINKING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Aproximación a los movimientos sociales como sujetos de emancipación Zesar Martínez, Beatriz Casado and Pedro Ibarra (UPV-EHU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6RFLDO0RYHPHQWVLQ3RVW3ROLWLFDO6RFLHW\ 3UH¿JXUDWLRQ'HOLEHUDWLRQDQG&RQVHQVXV Raphael Schlembach (University of Salford) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
‘Environment and health, yes… but for other reasons’: Asserting Control, Sovereignty and Transgression in Barcelona Isabelle Anguelovski (Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona and MIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
MEDIA AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 What Really Matters in Creating Mass Mobilization: Classical Organization or New Social Media? A Comparative Case Study of the Mass Mobilization Process in France and South Korea Jeong-Im Hyun (Sogang University) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Twitter and Public Reasoning around Social Contention: The Case of #15ott in Italy Stefania Vicari (University of Leicester) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Protest Politics Through Music in the Basque Country. The Spread of the Lip Dub as a New Form of Collective Action Ion Andoni Del Amo, Jason Diaux and Arkaitz Letamendía (UPV-EHU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
IDENTITY AND PERFORMATIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 A Study of Movement Identity on Protest Events: The case of The Protest Against the 2008 Hokkaido Toyako G8 Summit Kyoko Tominaga (University of Tokyo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Ocup(arte)!: Cultural Engagement in The University of Puerto Rico Student Movement, 2010 Katherine Everhart (Vanderbilt University) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
NEOLIBERALISM AND GLOBALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 From the Save Movements to the Live Ones. An Analytical Approach to the Evolution of Social Movements in Valencia in the Last Two Decades Rafael Xambó Olmos and Xavier Ginés Sánchez (Universitat de València) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Social Movements, Civic Society and Globalization in Latin America Ilan Bizberg (El Colegio de México) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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Foreword ,QWKHUHFHQWHYROXWLRQRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWVWKUHHSKDVHVFDQEHLGHQWL¿HG7KH¿UVWSKDVH LVPDUNHGE\WKHODERUPRYHPHQWDQGWKHV\VWHPLFLPSRUWDQFHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHODERUFRQÀLFWLQLQGXVWULDO VRFLHWLHV 7KLV FRQÀLFW KDV EHHQ LQWHUSUHWHG DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH VKRUWFRPLQJ RI VRFLDO LQWHJUDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPVE\(PLOH'XUNKHLPDVDUDWLRQDOFRQÀLFWEHWZHHQHQWUHSUHQHXUV¶DQGZRUNHUV¶LQWHUHVWVE\ Max Weber, and as a central class struggle for the transformation of society by Karl Marx. 7KHVHFRQGSKDVHLQWKLVGHYHORSPHQWZDVOHGE\WKHQHZVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVRIWKHSRVWLQGXVWULDOVRFL- HW\RIWKH VDQGV VWXGHQWZRPHQDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOLVWPRYHPHQWV7ZRQHZDQDO\WLFDOSHUVSHF- WLYHVKDYHH[SODLQHGWKHVHPRYHPHQWV¶PHDQLQJDQGDFWLRQV5HVRXUFHPRELOL]DWLRQWKHRU\ 0F$GDPDQG 7LOO\ KDVIRFXVHGRQUDWLRQDODWWLWXGHVDQGFRQÀLFWV$FWLRQDOLVWVRFLRORJ\LQWXUQKDVLGHQWL¿HGWKHQHZ SURWDJRQLVWVRIVRFLDOFRQÀLFWWKDWUHSODFHGWKHODERUPRYHPHQWLQSRVWLQGXVWULDOVRFLHWLHV 7KHWKLUGSKDVHHPHUJHVLQDZRUOGFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHDVFHQGDQFHRIPDUNHWVWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\SURPL- QHQWUROHRI¿QDQFLDOFDSLWDOÀRZVWKHFORVXUHRIFRPPXQLWLHVDQGIXQGDPHQWDOLVP,QWKLVFRQWH[WKXPDQ rights and pro-democratization movements constitute alternatives to global domination and the systemic conditioning of individuals and groups. 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVFRQIHUHQFHLVWRIRVWHUWKHRUHWLFDOUHÀHFWLRQVDQGWRSUHVHQWHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHRQ WKHUHFHQWPRELOL]DWLRQVWKDWWRRNRUDUHWDNLQJSODFHLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQUHJLRQ7KLVZDYHRISURWHVWV KDVWZRFOHDUO\LGHQWL¿DEOHWKUHDGV2QWKHRQHKDQGWKRVHPRELOL]DWLRQVWKDWGHPDQGSROLWLFDOUHIRUPV to deepen or initiate processes of democratization in countries such as Tunez, Egypt, Morocco, Libya and Syria, among other. On the other, the massive displays of discontent regarding the political mismanage- ment of the socio-economic crisis and the shrinking of the Welfare State in Southern Europe. Among the latter are the 15M mobilizations in Spain, the “Indignate-vous” protests in France, Italy and Greece, and other mobilizations organized by young people and students in England, Israel and Belgium. 7KLVFRQIHUHQFHZLOOEULQJWRJHWKHUGLIIHUHQWDFDGHPLFQHWZRUNVDQGRULHQWDWLRQVDURXQGWKHVWXG\RI social movements, expressed by the Research Committees RC47-Social Movements and Social Classes and RC48-Social Movements, Collective Action and Social Change of the International Sociological Asso- FLDWLRQ7KHFRQIHUHQFHZLOOSURYLGHDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRHQJDJHLQDQHFHVVDU\DQGHQULFKLQJGHEDWHDERXWWKH continuities and discontinuities in the contexts, organizations, repertoires, identities, and symbols suffered E\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWVLQWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHV
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Organizing Committee
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Centro de Estudios sobre la Identidad Colectiva -Collective Identity Research Center- UPV-EHU Diego Carbajo Beatriz Cavia Gabriel Gatti Casal de Rey David Gómez Ruiz Ignacio Irazuzta Amaia Izaola María Martínez Daniel Muriel César A. Oré Rocca Alfonso Pérez-Agote Ignacia Perugorría Silvia Rodríguez Gema Sancibrian Elsa Santamaría Andrés G. Seguel Benjamín Tejerina
Taghi Azadarmaki – Iran Tova Benski, College of Management Studies – Israel Breno Brigel, UNICAMP – Brasil Jorge Cadena-Roa, UNAM – Mexico 0DUFHOOH'DZVRQ-RKDQQHVEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\± South Africa 0DULH&KULVWLQH'RUDQ2WWDZD8QLYHUVLW\±&DQDGD Antimo Luigi Farro, Sapienza-Università di Roma – Italy Helena Flam, Universität Leipzig – Germany Maria da Gloria Gohn, UNICAMP – Brasil James Goodman, University of Technology – Australia -HII*RRGZLQ1FOLPD@DQGWKDWKDVDYHU\VWURQJHPRWLRQDOLQWHQVLW\$QG \RXFDQVHQVHWKDWLQWKHERGLHVLQWKHIDFHV%XW,ZRXOGQ¶WVD\WKDWLWLVMXVWDQHPRWLRQDOPRYHPHQWDQGWKDWWKHUHLV QRWKLQNLQJLQYROYHG7KHUHLVWKRXJKWLQHPRWLRQVDQGZHDUHWKLQNLQJDORW´ ,QWHUYLHZWR$PDGRU)HUQiQGH]6DYDWHU
³7KH0LVDQHPRWLRQDOPRYHPHQW´EXWGHVSLWHWKHPHGLD¶VWULYLDOODEHOOLQJWKLVTXRWHVKRZVWKDW RXWUDJHZDVQRWWKHVROHHPRWLRQSXVKLQJLWIRUZDUG2QFHWKHXSULVLQJZDVLQPRWLRQDQGSHRSOHZHUH WDNLQJWKHVWUHHWVDQGRFFXS\LQJVTXDUHVLQGLJQDWLRQZRXOGEHUHSODFHGRUDWOHDVWFRPSOHPHQWHGE\FRO- lective enthusiasm and joy. As a 15M member put it, “7KHIHHOLQJGXULQJWKH0GHPRQVWUDWLRQZDVRI KDSSLQHVV´ ,QWHUYLHZWR/HLOD1DFKDZDWL 2U³>WKH0@LVDFU\FRPLQJIURPDVRFLHW\WKDWLVWLUHGIHG XS,W¶VEHHQDFU\EXWDVPLOLQJRQH´ ,QWHUYLHZWR-XOLR$OEDUUiQ Despite this strong emotional component, the 15M did not emerge to accomplish a “cathartic” mission. Social movements spring up to alleviate or alter situations that activists identify as problematic. Their GLUHFWDFWLRQWKHUHIRUHGHSHQGVRQWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHVRXUFHVRIWKHSUREOHPDQGUHOLHVRQERXQG- DU\DQGDGYHUVDULDOIUDPLQJ %HQIRUGDQG6QRZ 0DUJD3DGLOOD¶VFRQFHSWXDOPDSDOORZVXVWR UHFRQVWUXFWWKHLGHQWLW\ZRUNWKURXJKZKLFK0SDUWLFLSDQWVKDYHFUDIWHGD³ZH´DQGD³WKHP´ *DPVRQ $PLQ]DGHDQG0F$GDP 'LDQL 7KH³WKHP´KDVLQFOXGHGWKRVHDQWDJRQLVWVLGHQWL¿HG DVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVLWXDWLRQRILQMXVWLFH PDLQO\WKLHYLQJDQGVZLQGOHUEDQNHUV ³EDQTXHURVHVWDIDGRUHV \ODGURQHV´ DQGFRUUXSWSROLWLFLDQV0PHPEHUVDUH³XQLWHGE\WKHLUGLVFRPIRUW´WRZDUGVWKHVHDFWRUV WKHVHDUHWKH³HQHPLHV´DJDLQVWZKRPWKHLUFROOHFWLYHDFWLRQKDVEHHQGLUHFWHG ³:HFDQYRWHEXWZHGRQ¶WKDYHDYRLFHDQGZHDUHIUXVWUDWHGE\WKHSROLWLFLDQV¶ODFNRIZLOOWRGHYHORSPHFKDQLVPVRI GLUHFWSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVHV0HFKDQLVPVWKDWZRXOGSXWDQHQGWRFRUUXSWLRQDQGWRWKHODFNRI WUDQVSDUHQF\LQSROLWLFVDQGSXEOLFLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKDWZRXOGSODFHWKHFLWL]HQEHIRUHWKHPDUNHWVDQGRWKHUSULYDWH LQWHUHVWV´ 0PDQLIHVWR+RZWR&RRND1RQ9LROHQW5HYROXWLRQ
7KH³ZH´LQWXUQKDVEHHQV\QWKHVL]HGLQWKHWHUP³SHUVRQV´±QRWSHRSOH± WKLVLVNH\WRXQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKHSURFHVVRIFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQZLWKLQWKH00RVW0PHPEHUVGRQRWSRUWUD\WKHP- VHOYHVDVDFWLYLVWVRUPLOLWDQWV,QWKHLUYLHZSRLQWWKHVHWHUPVDUHDVVRFLDWHGWRDQ³ROGZD\RIGRLQJSROL WLFV” (“ODYLHMDSROtWLFD´ EDVHGRQLGHRORJLFDORUSDUWLVDQDI¿OLDWLRQV 0PHPEHUVUHMHFWWKHVH³DFURQ\PV DQGÀDJVEHFDXVHWKH\GLYLGH´ ,QWHUYLHZWR0LJXHO$UDQD ,QWXUQWKH\WKLQNRIWKHPVHOYHVDVPHPEHUV of a community of “persons”.
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³$PRYHPHQWZKRVHSURWDJRQLVWVZHUHQRWPLOLWDQWVWKDWGRHVQ¶WKDYHDFRGL¿HGYRFDEXODU\RISURWHVWWKDWZDVYHU\ LQFOXVLYHWKDWZDVQ¶WMXVWWDONLQJDERXWWKH/HIWWKDWGLGQ¶WVSHDNDERXWUHYROXWLRQLQDFODVVLFDOVHQVH>@WKDWWULHV WRKDYHHYHU\ERG\DQ\ERG\GRSROLWLFV6RPHPLOLWDQWIULHQGVXVHGWRWHOOPHµWKH\DUHWDONLQJDERXWµSHUVRQV¶DQG WKDWLVQRWDSROLWLFDOFRQFHSW3HUVRQV¶,RQWKHFRQWUDU\VDZWKHSRZHUDVVRFLDWHGWRWDONLQJDERXWSHUVRQV ZHDUH DOOSHUVRQVDQGWDONLQJDERXWSHUVRQVDQGSHUVRQV¶SUREOHPVZHFDQEHWRJHWKHUDQGVWDUWWDONLQJ´ ,QWHUYLHZWR Amador Fernández-Savater).
$VZLWKLQMXVWLFHIUDPHVWDONLQJDERXW³SHUVRQV´DOORZHGERWKSHRSOHZLWKQRSUHYLRXVSROLWLFDOSDU- WLFLSDWLRQDQGZLWKGLIIHUHQWPLOLWDQWWUDMHFWRULHVWRIHHOSDUWRIDVDPHFROOHFWLYH7KLVWHUP³V\QFKURQL]HG´ GLIIHUHQW DQG SUREDEO\ RSSRVLQJ SROLWLFDO LGHRORJLHV LW DOVR EOXUUHG RWKHU SRWHQWLDOO\ DOLHQDWLQJ D[HV RI GLVVHQW JHQGHUFODVVUHOLJLRXVDQGQDWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHVDPRQJRWKHUV7KH³ZHDUHWKH SHUFHQW´VORJDQ issued by Occupy Wall Street activists synthesized this principle of “inclusiveness” in a brilliant fashion. So did the “united by common sense” (“XQLGRVSRUHOVHQWLGRFRP~Q”) motto that could be seen in banners all across Spain.. ³:HDUHEULQJLQJXSWKHIDFWWKDWZHDUHWKH SHUFHQWWKDWZKDWXQLWHVXVDUHSUREOHPVDQGZD\VRIWKLQNLQJWKDW DUHFRPPRQWRPDQ\SHRSOHLQDYHU\WUDQVYHUVDOZD\>@$OOWKHVHWKLQJVFDQEHFRPPRQWRPDQ\GLIIHUHQWSHRSOH SHRSOHZKRGRQRWKDYHDFOHDULGHQWLW\:HQHHGWRVWDUWWKLQNLQJRYHUWKHEDVLVRIFRPPRQSUREOHPVLQOLHXRILGHQWL WLHV>0¶V@,QFOXVLYHQHVVKDVWRGRZLWKWKLV LWLVDPRYHPHQWWKDWLVEDVHGRQSUREOHPVDQGQRWRQLGHQWLWLHV:H ZDQWWREHJLQZLWKFRQFUHWHSUREOHPVQRWZLWKLGHRORJLHV:HZLOODUULYHWRWKDWRUQRWHYHQWXDOO\&RQFUHWHSUREOHPV KDYLQJWRGRZLWKUHDOOLIHZLWKHYHU\ERG\¶VOLIH WKLVZD\WKHPRYHPHQWZLOOEHFRPHUHDOZLOOKDYHWRGRZLWKWKHOLYHV ZHOHDGDQGQRWZLWKOXFXEUDWLRQVDERXWWKHZRUOGWKDWWKHQGRQRWEHDUDQ\UHODWLRQWRSUDFWLFHVWROLIH´ ,QWHUYLHZ to Amador Fernández-Savater)
Having “problems” instead of “ideologies” or “identities” as a point of departure marked a path of “in- FOXVLYHQHVV´IRUWKH0VLQFHLWVLQFHSWLRQ%XWWKHVH³WUDQVYHUVDO´SUREOHPVZHUHQ¶WOLPLWHGWRWKH³FULVLV WUDLQ´DQGZHUHQ¶WMXVWFROOHFWLYH WKH\DOVRKDGLQGLYLGXDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQVDQGERWKOHYHOVVHHPWREHLQWHU- WZLQHGLQWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI0PHPEHUV0DUJD3DGLOOD¶VFRQFHSWXDOPDSIDQVRXWWKHVHFROOHFWLYHDQG individual experiences that “KDYHWRGRZLWK” the emergence of Acampada Sol and the 15M. $WWKHFROOHFWLYHOHYHOZH¿QGWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV HJODERURUJDQL]DWLRQV QHZVRFLDOPRYH- PHQWV HJIHPLQLVPLQGLJHQRXVPRYHPHQWVVTXDWWHUPRYHPHQW DQGXVLQJDQLQWHUYLHZHH¶VWHUPLQRO- RJ\³VRFLDOPRYHPHQWVWKDWDUHQRWPRYHPHQWV´ HJ9GH9LYLHQGD$QRQ\PRXVGRQRWYRWHIRUWKHP :LWKWKH0@:HKDYHPRYHGIURPSRZHUOHVVQHVVWRSRZHUIURPLVRODWLRQDQGFRPSHWLWLRQWREHLQJWRJHWKHUWR GLVFRYHULQJWKHRWKHUDVDQDFFRPSOLFHDQGQRORQJHUDVDQREVWDFOHIURPF\QLFLVPWRµZHFDQFKDQJHWKLQJV¶DQGZH FDQEHSURWDJRQLVWVRIWKDWFKDQJH7KDWJHQHUDWHVDYHU\VWURQJHPRWLRQ´ ,QWHUYLHZWR$PDGRU)HUQiQGH]6DYDWHU
0PHPEHUVGRQRW³MXVW´ZDQWWREHWRJHWKHU WKLVLVQRWD³SOD\GDWH´7KH\VHHWKHPVHOYHVDV³VHOI FRQYHQHG” persons that “RFFXS\WKHVTXDUH” “WRGRUHDOGHPRFUDF\QRZ´%XWZKDWGRHV³UHDOGHPRFUDF\´ UHDOO\PHDQ",Q3DGLOOD¶VSHUVSHFWLYHGHPRFUDF\LVDVVRFLDWHGWR³XVLQJZRUGVQRWYLROHQFH”, and to a “IULHQGO\DWPRVSKHUH” promoted by the act of “OLVWHQLQJDQGUHVSHFW”. It is also tied to “HQJDJLQJZLWKFRP PRQPDWWHUV´ZLWKSUREOHPVWKDWDIIHFWVRFLHW\DVDZKROH5HDOGHPRFUDF\LVDFKLHYHGZLWK³FROOHFWLYH LQWHOOLJHQFH”, described as “KHWHURJHQHRXV DQG LQFOXVLYH”, “LQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDO”, and “XQUHSUHVHQWDEOH” -that is, avoiding “DFURQ\PVDQGÀDJVEHFDXVHWKH\GLYLGH”-. As mentioned before, one of the outcomes of this from-the-bottom-up democratic praxis is collective enthusiasm. So is “JURZLQJVXSSRUW” in other cities DQGFRXQWULHVZKLFKLQWXUQ³JLYHVVWUHQJWKWR” Acampada Sol.
15M’s Social Space, Beyond Alter-Global Mobilizations The participation of groups, collectives and organisations in multiple levels of action and more than one ORFDOH¿UVWHPHUJHGDVDFDUGLQDOWHQVLRQZLWKLQWKHDOWHUJOREDOPRYHPHQW DVLPLODUWHQVLRQLVSUHVHQWLQ WKH02QWKHRQHKDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQJOREDODFWLRQVKDVDOORZHGDOWHUJOREDOPLOLWDQWVWRH[SHULHQFH VRPHWLPHVYLUWXDOO\VRPHWLPHV³SUHVHQWLDOO\´ PRPHQWVWKDWZHUHH[FHSWLRQDODQGVSHFWDFXODUDQGWR HVWDEOLVKLQVSLULQJFRPSDULVRQVEHWZHHQWKHP2QWKHRWKHUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQORFDODFWLRQVKDVJLYHQWKHPD stronger sense of coherence and unanimity. The local ambit is immediate, accessible, visible, and therefore DSSUHKHQVLEOH LWLVWKHVSDFHLQZKLFKGHPDQGVDUHGLVSOD\HGDQGZKHUHWKH³ZH´JHWVFU\VWDOOL]HGWKURXJK face-to-face encounters and relationships. ,QWU\LQJWRUHVROYHWKLVWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ³WKHJOREDO´DQG³WKHORFDO´WKHDOWHUJOREDOPRYHPHQWKDV RSWHGIRUSXUVXLQJ³JORFDO´DFWLRQV$VDFRQVHTXHQFHLWKDVEHHQLQSHUPDQHQWRVFLOODWLRQEHWZHHQWKH ¿[HG KHUHDQGQRZ DQGWKHPRELOH WKHUHDQGEHIRUHDIWHU 7KLVRSWLRQKDVGH¿QHGWKHDOWHUJOREDOPRYH- PHQWDQGJLYHQLWVSHFL¿FLW\ZKHQFRPSDUHGWRSUHYLRXVSURFHVVHVRIPRELOL]DWLRQ0DQ\0PLOLWDQWV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH \RXQJHVW RQHV KDYH VKRZQ D JOREDO RU ³LQWHUQDWLRQDO YRFDWLRQ´ WKH\ DUH DZDUH RI WKH importance of raising support in other countries, have participated in global actions such as the October GHPRQVWUDWLRQDQGDUHLQFRQVWDQWFRQWDFWZLWKWKHLUIRUHLJQFRXQWHUSDUWVWKURXJKLQWHUQDWLRQDO commissions. They stress the “LPSRUWDQFHRIWKLQNLQJDQGDFWLQJJOREDOO\´ ,QWHUYLHZWR0LJXHO$UDQD +RZHYHUWKHPRYHPHQWDVDZKROHVHHPVWRKDYHVWUHQJWKHQHGWKHEHWIRU³WKHORFDO´LQGHWULPHQWRI³WKH global” after its “move to the neighborhoods”. The construction of this local space as a place of physical SUR[LPLW\KDVSURYLGHGDQRSHQ¿HOGIRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQH[FKDQJHDQGFUHDWLRQRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOWRROVDQG symbolic challenges.
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7KHVSDFHRIVRFLDOPRELOL]DWLRQLVWKHUHIRUHDWRQHWLPHVRFLDODQGV\PEROLF,WLVDSUDFWLFDO¿HOGD VSDFHIRUVRFLDOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQLQZKLFKSURSRVDOVDUHGLVFXVVHGQHJRWLDWHGDQGUHKHDUVHG,QWKHFDVHRI 0LWLVWKHORFDOHZKHUHUHDOGHPRFUDF\³LVGRQH´$V3DGLOOD¶VFRQFHSWXDOPDSVKRZVUHDOGHPRFUDF\ LVDFFRPSOLVKHGLQWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\V ³SUHVHQWLDOO\”, in DFDPSDGDVDVVHPEOLHVWKHPDWLFZRUNLQJJURXSV and commissions, and in a disembodied and deterritoriazed fashion through the use of online media (see DOVR)LJXUH 7KH0PDQLIHVWR+RZWR&RRND1RQ9LROHQW5HYROXWLRQ DOOXGHVWRWKLVGRXEOH embeddedness of collective action: ³:HUHFRYHUHGDQGXWLOL]HWKHSXEOLFVSDFH ZHRFFXSLHGWKHVTXDUHVDQGWKHVWUHHWVRIRXUFLWLHVWRPHHWDQGZRUNLQ DFROOHFWLYHRSHQDQGYLVLEOHZD\:HLQIRUPDQGLQYLWHHYHU\FLWL]HQWRSDUWLFLSDWH:HGHEDWHDERXWSUREOHPVORRN IRUVROXWLRQVDQGRUJDQL]HDFWLRQVDQGPRELOL]DWLRQV2XUGLJLWDOQHWZRUNVDQGWRROVDUHRSHQ DOOWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLV DYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHWLQWKHVWUHHWVDQGLQWKHVTXDUHV´
7KH0WKXVFRPELQHVRQOLQHDFWLYLVPZLWKPRUH³WUDGLWLRQDO´IRUPVRIPLOLWDQF\2QWKHRQHKDQG LWHPEUDFHVWKHGLJLWDODJHVRFLDELOLW\ZKHUH³HYHU\ERG\LVJHWWLQJWRJHWKHU´LQVRFLDOPHGLDDQGZKHUH JURXSVFDQ³RSHUDWHZLWKDPXOWLQDWLRQDO¶VVFRSHDQGDELUWKGD\SDUW\¶VLQIRUPDOLW\´ 6KLUN\ DQG FDQ ³RUJDQL]H ZLWKRXW RUJDQL]DWLRQV´ LQ RUGHU WR ³FKDQJH WKH ZRUOG ZLWKRXW WDNLQJ SRZHU´ +ROORZD\ 2002). This form of activism is inspired by the idea that grassroots organizing no longer needs an organizer, DPHGLDWRU LWIROORZVWKH³GRLW\RXUVHOIZLWKRWKHUV´VSLULW2QWKHRWKHUWKH0LVEDVHGRQWUDGLWLRQDO repertoires: DFDPSDGDV, assemblies and demonstrations are characterized by the physicality of bodies be- LQJSUHVHQWLQDVSDWLDOPHHWLQJSODFH *ODGZHOO 0PHPEHUVFUHDWHJURXSFRPPRQDOLW\WKURXJK IDFHWRIDFH³VWURQJWLH´RIÀLQHDFWLYLVPEXWDOVRWKURXJKRQOLQH³ZHDNWLH´DVVRFLDWLRQ7KHWZRÀDQNV VWUHQJWKHQRQHDQRWKHU DGGLQJVSHHGDQHZGLPHQVLRQ 0HUUL¿HOG 7KLVPXWXDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWLV SUREDEO\IDFLOLWDWHGE\WKHDI¿QLW\RIPHWKRGV DVVHPEOLHVDQGRQOLQHQHWZRUNVDUHERWKFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ direct participation, horizontality, and open deliberation.
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Figure 6. “Puerta del Sol, Madrid: A Space for Indignation”, Infography published by El País, on May 20, 2011.
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continue to be, based on an encounter VRPHZKHUH, for physical space is still a major battleground for politi- FDOVWUXJJOH 0HUUL¿HOG 0PHPEHUVVHHPWREHDZDUHRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQ RIWKHLUSUD[LV WKLVLVHYLGHQFHGE\WKH³FDUWRJUDSKLFFRQVFLRXVQHVV´ $QGHUVRQ WKH\KDYHGLVSOD\HG LQWKHDOPRVWFRPSXOVRU\GHVLJQUHGHVLJQDQGUHIUHVKPHQW LQWKHFRPSXWHUVFLHQFHVHQVH RIWZRGLIIHUHQW types of maps: of the internal organization of DFDPSDGDV (see Figure 7), and of the difussion of camps all DURXQGWKHJOREH VHH)LJXUH 7KHVHPDSVKDYHD³FRPSDVVWRWKHZRUOGHOHPHQW´EXWDOVRIXQFWLRQDV ³ORJRPDSV´WKDWLVLQVWDQWO\UHFRJQL]DEOHHYHU\ZKHUHYLVLEOHHPEOHPVWKDWSHQHWUDWHGHHSLQWRWKHSRSX- ODULPDJLQDWLRQDQGDUHDYDLODEOHIRUWUDQVIHUWRSROLWLFDOEDQQHUVZHESDJHVHWF $QGHUVRQ
Figure 7. Maps of Acampada Sol and Acampada Plaça Catalunya. Note: On the left, a map of Acampada Sol, and on the right, a hand-made map of Acampada Plaça Catalunya. The photographs are available online.
7KHVSDFHRIVRFLDOPRELOL]DWLRQLVDOVRDV\PEROLF¿HOGZKHUHWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSXEOLFDQG private spheres is transformed and recreated. In a normative sense, the “poli tics of the encounter” can me- GLDWHEHWZHHQ³WKHKLVWRULFDO´DQGOLYHGH[SHULHQFH$VSHRSOH¿QGRQHDQRWKHUWKH\VWDUWWRSLHFHWRJHWKHU FRPPRQQRWLRQVDQGFRPPRQSUREOHPV WKH\XQLYHUVDOL]HZKDWRQWKHIDFHRILWVHHPVRQO\SULYDWHVSH- FL¿F7KHVHQVHRIDI¿QLW\WKDWHPHUJHVIURPWKLV³EHLQJWRJHWKHU´LQZRUGVRIRQHLQWHUYLHZHHEHFRPHV the cement that bonds -perhaps only for a moment, but a moment that lingers-, people across barriers and IURQWLHUV 0HUUL¿HG 7KHHPHUJHQW³DI¿QLW\JURXS´ %RRNFKLQDVTXRWHGLQ0HUUL¿HG LVFKDU- acterized by “deeply empathetic human relationships-relationships nourished by common revolutionary practice and ideas”. The aim of 15M DFDPSDGDVDQGGHPRQVWUDWLRQVZDVHVVHQWLDOO\V\PEROLF WKH\ZHUHUHKHDUVDOVIRU UHYROXWLRQEXWQRWLQDVWUDWHJLFRUWDFWLFDOVHQVHWKH\ZHUHUDWKHUUHKHDUVDOVRIUHYROXWLRQDU\ RUSHUKDSV UHEHOOLRXV DZDUHQHVV 0HUUL¿HG 0PHPEHUVZHUHUHMHFWLQJDOOWKDWWKH\KDELWXDOO\DQGGHVSLWH themselves, accept, and beginning to form a “cosmovision” that gave sense to the crisis and their gener- DOL]HG PDOFRQWHQW7KH\ ZHUH LGHQWLI\LQJ PHFKDQLVPV RI LQFOXVLRQH[FOXVLRQ HJ ODFN RI HPSOR\PHQW FRQGLWLRQVRIH[SORLWDWLRQGRPLQDWLRQDQGLQHTXDOLW\ PHFKDQLVPVRILPSRVLWLRQUHSUHVVLRQ HJFRQFHQ- WUDWLRQRISRZHUSULYDWLVDWLRQSROLFLHVXQFHUWDLQW\DQGODFNRIFRQWURORYHULPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIRQH¶VRZQ OLIHDQGUHSUHVVLRQRIDOWHUQDWLYHOLIHVW\OHV DQGWKHSUDFWLFHVDJHQWVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDWZHUHVKDSLQJWKH FRQÀLFWDWVWDNH HJWKHXQHPSOR\HGPXOWLQDWLRQDOVDQG¿QDQFLDOJURXSVPXOWLODWHUDORUJDQLVPVVWDWHV DQGQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV 7HMHULQDE ,QWKHVHHQFRXQWHUV0SDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDOVRGLVFRYHULQJ
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WKHLURZQFUHDWLYLW\DQGSRZHUWRFKDQJHWKHSUREOHPDWLFVWDWHRIDIIDLUV7KH\ZHUHH[SUHVVLQJSROLWLFDO ambitions before having formalized them, and before having created the necessary tools -like structures or organizations- to make them real.
Figure 8. World Map of $FDPSDGDV, and Photograph of the World Map as Seen in Acampada Granada. Note: The photo on the right is available in KWWS ZZZÀLFNUFRPSKRWRVJRUHIDFLR LQVHW
Conclusions TThe 15M movement counts on different organizational precursors in the process of social mobiliza- WLRQ WKH0@LVDFU\FRPLQJIURPDVRFLHW\WKDWLVWLUHGIHGXS,W¶VEHHQDFU\EXW DVPLOLQJRQH”. Although 15M members have tried to build on “common problems” in lieu of available “identities”, they have nonetheless performed prognostic, diagnostic and motivational framing tasks that have begun WRFUDIWDQGVKDSHWKHLURZQQRYHOFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\7KHLUERXQGDU\DQGDGYHUVDULDOIUDPLQJKDVGHPDU- FDWHGD³WKHP´DJDLQVWZKLFKFROOHFWLYHDFWLRQKDVEHHQGLUHFWHG PDLQO\WKLHYLQJDQGVZLQGOHUEDQNHUV DQGFRUUXSWSROLWLFLDQV,WKDVDOVRIRUJHGD³ZH´FRPSRVHGRI³SHUVRQV´QRWSHRSOHQRWPLOLWDQWVXQLWHG E\WKHLU³GLVFRPIRUW´WRZDUGVWKHVHDFWRUVEXWDOVRWRZDUGVWKHODEHOVDQGPHWKRGVFRPLQJIURP³ROG time politics” (“ODYLHMDSROtWLFD´ 7DONLQJDERXW³SHUVRQV´DOORZHGERWKSHRSOHZLWKQRSUHYLRXVSROLWLFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGZLWKGLIIHUHQWPLOLWDQWWUDMHFWRULHVWRIHHOSDUWRIWKH0 LW³V\QFKURQL]HG´GLIIHUHQWDQG probably opposing political ideologies and blurred other potentially alienating axes of dissent. 0PHPEHUVKDYHDOVRFUDIWHGDQDUUDWLYHRIEHFRPLQJ WKDW³ZH´KDVDSUHVHQWDQGDIXWXUHEXWDOVR has a traceable past. Participants have elaborated a social movement genealogy composed of both interna- tional and domestic progenitors, of recent and also far-removed ascent. This “family tree” brings together WUDGLWLRQDODQGQHZVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVDQGHYHQ³VRFLDOPRYHPHQWVWKDWDUHQRWPRYHPHQWV´WRXVHDQ LQWHUYLHZHH¶VH[SUHVVLRQWKDWEHORQJWRWKH³SURJUHVVLYH¿HOG´0PHPEHUVKDYHDOVRSURYLGHGWKHLU QDUUDWLYHRIEHFRPLQJZLWKDQLQGLYLGXDOGLPHQVLRQ0PHPEHUVDUHSHUVRQVZKRXVHGWRIHHODGLV- FRPIRUWZLWKWKHLULQGLYLGXDOOLYHVDQGZKRQRZZDQWWR³EHDQGOLYHWRJHWKHU´LQDIULHQGO\DWPRVSKHUH ³%HLQJWRJHWKHU´³VKDULQJ´KDVDOORZHGWKHPWRXQLYHUVDOL]HWKHLUSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVXQGHUVWDQG- LQJVDQGHPRWLRQVDQGKDVJLYHQWKHPDVHQVHRIMR\HPSRZHUPHQWDQGHI¿FDF\,WLVWKXVDWWKHFRUHRI WKHSURJQRVWLFIUDPLQJSHUIRUPHGE\0PHPEHUVDQGRIWKHPRWLYDWLRQGUDZLQJWKHPWRJHWLQYROYHG and sustain their participation. This “politics of the encounter” has been facilitated and boosted by a mu- WXDOO\UHLQIRUFLQJRIÀLQH³VWURQJWLH´DFWLYLVPDQGRQOLQH³ZHDNWLH´DVVRFLDWLRQERWKEDVHGRQDQRSHQ KRUL]RQWDO DQG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ SKLORVRSK\ ,Q ZRUGV RI 0HUUL¿HOG VTXDUHV DQG GLJLWDO PHGLD KDYH provided a scenario for an illicit rendezvous of human bonding and solidarity, a material, virtual, and emo- WLRQDOWRSRJUDSK\LQZKLFKVRPHWKLQJGLVUXSWVDQGLQWHUYHQHVLQWKHSUHYLRXVSDUDO\VLV%XW0PHPEHUV GRQRW³MXVW´ZDQWWREHWRJHWKHU WKH\JDWKHUWR³GRUHDOGHPRFUDF\´5HDOGHPRFUDF\LVLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQ engagement in “common matters”, an involvement thought of as inclusive, non-violent, and necessarily GLUHFWRU³XQUHSUHVHQWDEOH´7KLVODVWHOHPHQWLVSUREDEO\GULYLQJWKH³PRYHWRZDUGVWKHORFDO´LQGHWULPHQW of “the global”. 15M participants may have expressed political ambitions before creating the necessary means to make WKHPUHDO,QWKHODVWIHZPRQWKVWKH\KDYHGLVFRYHUHGWKHLURZQFUHDWLYLW\DQGSRZHUDQGDOVRWKHLURZQ limitations to generate the global and local change they demand. They have also begun to craft a cosmovi- VLRQWKDWJDYHVHQVHWRWKHFULVLVWKHLUJHQHUDOL]HGPDOFRQWHQWDQGWKHLURZQSXUSRVHVDFWLRQVDQGRUJD- QL]DWLRQ0PHPEHUVDSSHDUWREHFRQVFLRXVWKDW D WKURXJKWKHLUDFWLRQWKH\ZDQWWREXLOGWKHZLGHVW SRVVLEOHPRYHPHQW E WKDWWKH\SHUVRQDOO\PRELOL]HWRRSSRVHHFRQRPLFGRPLQDWLRQWRDI¿UPPRUDOSULQ- FLSOHVRIHTXDOLW\DQGMXVWLFHDQGWRWUDQVIRUPWKHSROLWLFDOVWUXFWXUHVDQGGHPRFUDF\ F WKDWWKHLULQWHUHVW LQXQLWLQJZLWKRWKHUVUHVWVRQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDOWHULQJDQXQZDQWHGVRFLDOUHDOLW\JHQHUDWLQJVROLGDULW\
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RIDXWRQRP\LQKLVELRSROLWLFDOSURGXFWLRQZKLFKLVRQO\ODWHUKLMDFNHGE\FDSLWDO%XWZKDWDERXWYDULRXV RWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHZRUNLQJFODVVVXFKDVWKHSUHFDULRXVZRUNHUVLQFDOOFHQWUHV" $XIKHEHQ ",Q- GHHGWKHSURGXFWRIWKHLUODERXULVLPPDWHULDOEXWEHVLGHVWKHREYLRXVTXDQWLWDWLYHVKLIW DUDSLGULVHLQWKH FUHDWLRQRILPPDWHULDOSURGXFWV LVWKHUHDQ\UHDOTXDOLWDWLYHSDUDGLJPVKLIW",WKDVWREHDGGHGWKRXJK WKDW+DUGWDQG1HJULKDYHPDGHH[SOLFLWWKURXJKRXWWKHLUZRUNWKDWWKH\DUHGHVFULELQJPRUHRIDWHQGHQF\ and a procedure, rather than a settled reality. In addition, it appears that Hardt and Negri are overly optimistic in their analysis. By considering the WUDQVLWLRQIURP)RUGLVPWRSRVW)RUGLVPDYHUL¿FDWLRQRIZRUNLQJFODVV¶YLFWRU\LQWKHFODVVVWUXJJOHVGXU- LQJWKHSUHYLRXVFDSLWDO¶VF\FOHRIDFFXPXODWLRQWKH\DUHKLQWLQJDWDSRVVLEOHYLFWRU\DOVRLQWKHSUHVHQW WLPHZKHUHWKHVRFLDOL]DWLRQRIODERXULVXQSUHFHGHQWHGZLWKRXWKRZHYHUIXUWKHUH[SODLQLQJKRZVXFK DQRXWFRPHZRXOGEHFRPHSRVVLEOH6RWLULV LVULJKWWRSRLQWRXWKRZWKHWZRWKLQNHUVRPLWWKHGDUN VLGHRIWKLVUHDOLW\ WKDWLVKRZWKHSUROHWDULDWLVQRZPRUHÀXLGPRUHLVRODWHGZLWKRXWDVHQVHRILGHQWLW\ DQGLQDSHULRGRIFULVLVVWUXJJOLQJIRULWVPDWHULDOVXUYLYDO,QDGGLWLRQ6RWLULVVD\VWKHGRZQJUDGLQJRI WKHSROLWLFDOXQGHUWKHHFRQRPLFDQGSURGXFWLYHSURFHVVFRPELQHGZLWKDQDEVWUDFWGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH0XO- titude, detached from any national or cultural reality, actually distances even further the prospects of any radical rupture in the body of capital (Sotiris, 2005). /DVWEXWQRWOHDVW+DUGW¶VDQG1HJUL¶VRYHURSWLPLVPLVHYLGHQWLQWKHLUFODLPWKDWFDSLWDOQHHGVWKHWRWDO- LW\RI0XOWLWXGHDVSURGXFHUVDQGDVFRQVXPHUV +RZHYHUWKLVVHHPVWREHHYLGHQWO\IDUIURP true. Due to many factors, ranging from structural tendencies such as the organic composition of capital to WKHGHFOLQHLQWKHZHOIDUHVWDWHDQGWKHUDSLGERRVWLQFDSLWDO¶V¿QDQFLDOL]DWLRQZHH[SHULHQFHJOREDOO\WKH FUHDWLRQRIDµVXUSOXVSRSXODWLRQ¶WKDWLVRIOLWWOHXVHWRWKHFDSLWDODVLWQHHGVOHVVZRUNHUVDQGDOVRZRUNLQJ FODVVFRQVXPSWLRQLVDFWXDOO\UDWKHUOLPLWHGDVDVRXUFHIRUFDSLWDO¶VSUR¿WPDNLQJ %ODXPDFKHQD 7RVXPXSIHZFDQGHQ\WKDW+DUGWDQG1HJUL¶VQRWLRQRIWKH0XOWLWXGHDVZHOODVWKHLUDQDO\VLVLQJHQ- HUDOKDVKDGDUHYLWDOLVLQJHIIHFWRQUDGLFDOWKRXJKWHVSHFLDOO\LQDSHULRGRIUHODWLYHWKHRUHWLFDOµGURXJKW¶ DWWKHWXUQRIWKHPLOOHQQLXP'UDZLQJLQVSLUDWLRQIURP1HJUL¶V0DU[LDQEDFNJURXQGWKH\DWWHPSWHGDKR- listic systemic analysis based on historic trends. The Multitude as a class notion is an attempt to understand WKHFXUUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQRIODERXUDQGDOVRWKHFXUUHQWVWDJHRIFDSLWDO¶VF\FOHRIDFFXPXODWLRQUXQQLQJ IURPWKH VXQWLOSUHVHQW+RZHYHUTXHVWLRQVDUHUDLVHGDVWRKRZDFFXUDWHWKH0XOWLWXGHDVDFODVV GHVFULSWLRQFDQEHZKHQLWFRXOGLQFOXGHHYHU\RQHIURPDVDQVSDSLHUV and an immigrant proletarian, to a ORZUDQNPDQDJHULQDPXOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQDVORQJDVWKHODWWHUDOVROLYHVDQGZRUNVXQGHUWKHUXOH RIFDSLWDOFUHDWLQJGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\VXUSOXVYDOXH6LWXDWLRQEHFRPHVHYHQPRUHSUREOHPDWLFZKHQ the Multitude turns from a class concept into a political subject. But if things are unclear at the theoretical level, then perhaps the historical experience of the present cycle of struggles on the eve of and during the FDSLWDOLVWFULVLVFRXOGVKHGOLJKWRQWKH0XOWLWXGH¶VSRWHQWLDODVDQDXWRQRPRXVVXEMHFWDQGDVWKHSRWHQWLDO bearer of post-capitalist emancipation.
The case of Greece: the cycle of struggles around the capitalist crisis 7KH REMHFW RI WKLV FKDSWHU LV QRW WR SUHVHQW D KLVWRULFDO RYHUYLHZ RI WKH FXUUHQW FLUFOHV RI VWUXJJOHV LQ*UHHFH,QVWHDGLWVHHNVWRSUHVHQWDFDVHVWXG\RIKRZWKHQRWLRQRIWKH0XOWLWXGHFDQEHDSSOLHGWR struggles at the centre of the current crisis of capitalism. Greece is very useful as a case study for a number of reasons.
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INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PROTESTS
)LUVWLWLVWKHFRXQWU\KLWPRVW¿HUFHO\E\WKHFULVLVDWOHDVWLQ(XURSH+DYLQJWKHLVVXHRIQDWLRQDOGHEW at the forefront, in 2010 the social-democratic government of PASOK has asked for the intervention of WKH,0)WKH(8DQGWKH(&% WKHWURLND 7KHWURLNDVXEVHTXHQWO\SURYLGHGPDVVLYHORDQVWRWKH*UHHN government, mainly for the repayment of older loans, and demanded the imposition of strict economic measures, high taxation, severe cuts and general deregulation that threatens to seriously change the class composition of Greece, that has for the last decades been a nation of an enlarged petite bourgeoisie, mainly occupied in the service sector. In addition, Greece has a long tradition of radical and contentious politics. From the communist-led resistance in the Second World War to the student uprising in 1973 against the military dictatorship and WKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHODUJHVWµRUWKRGR[¶&RPPXQLVW3DUW\DQGDQDUFKLVWPLOLHXLQ(XURSHLQWKHODVWGHFDGHV *UHHFHLVFRQVLGHUHGRQHRIWKHODVWSODFHVZKHUHUDGLFDOSROLWLFVDQGJUDQGQDUUDWLYHVRIVRFLDOWUDQVIRUPD- tion are still on the agenda. As Kouvelakis (2011) has pointed out, revolting is deeply part of the Greek national psyche. 7KH WKLUG UHDVRQ WKDW *UHHFH ZDV FKRVHQ DV DQ H[DPSOH RI WHVWLQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH 0XOWLWXGH LQ WRGD\¶VUDGLFDOPRYHPHQWVLVKRZSRO\PRUSKRXVWKHVWUXJJOHKDVEHHQWKHUHZLWKDULFKUHSHUWRLUHRIDF- WLRQDQGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDOPRVWDOOSRVVLEOHPHDQV6LQFHZKHQWKH¿QDQFLDOUHFHVVLRQEHJDQWR PDWHULDOL]HWRWKHSUHVHQWZKHQLWLVDWWKHFHQWUHRIDPDVVLYHVRFLRHFRQRPLFFULVLV*UHHFHKDVH[SHUL- HQFHGDKXJHDQGVXFFHVVIXOVWXGHQWPRYHPHQWRSSRVLQJDUHIRUPDWLRQLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWKUHHZHHNV of riots in December 2008 (considered by some commentators as a revolt), more than 20 general strikes, some accompanied by major violence and even the death of a protester in one case (October 2011), the UHDSSHDUDQFHRIXUEDQJXHUULOODJURXSVYLROHQW1,0%DFFHVVHGDW@ Virno, P.: 2004, A grammar of the Multitude, Semiotexte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ÀXHQFHSXEOLFDQGSROLWLFDODJHQGDFDUU\LQJ RQWKHPRELOL]DWLRQWKRXJKDWORZHULQWHQVLW\HYHQGXULQJWKHFXUUHQWSKDVHRILPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHIRUP 3LD]]D
The role of tenured researchers has been fundamental for three main reasons: on the public discourse level, WKHLUOHJLWLPDF\RI©VFLHQWLVWVªRISRWHQWLDO©EUDLQVRQWKHUXQªJDYHWKHSURWHVWDFUHGLELOLW\WKDWWKHVWXGHQWV FDQQRWKDYH RQWKHVWUDWHJLFOHYHOWKHLUGHFLVLRQWRVWRSDOOWHDFKLQJDFWLYLWLHVSURGXFHGDWRWDOEORFNRIXQL- YHUVLWLHVWKDWJDYHWKHVWDUWWRWKHJHQHUDOPRELOLVDWLRQRQHDUO\2FWREHU =DPSRQL RQWKHFROOHF- WLYHLGHQWLW\OHYHOWKHLUSURWHVW©KDGLWVDGGHGYDOXHLQWKHDELOLW\WREXLOGSURMHFWVDQGFRQFUHWHDFWLRQVZLWK WKHVWXGHQWPRYHPHQWDQGWKHJDOD[\RISUHFDULRXVUHVHDUFKHUVª 0DLGD[LWUDQVODWHGE\3LD]]D 8 Anonymous 2009. Poli, prove di fusione con Milano, /D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 7RULQR $QRQ\PRXV 6RWWR3DOD]]R9HFFKLROHXUODGHLSUHFDUL QHKDQQRGLULWWRPDO¶DVVXQ]LRQHQRQDUULYD/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS )LUHQ]H 'L*LXVHSSH)XOYLR6WXGHQWLHGLVRFFXSDWLV¿ODODUDEELD/D 5HSXEEOLFD0DUS %DUL 'L*LDFRPR$QWRQLRµ4XLSRVVRQRULQDVFHUHLQRVWULVRJQL¶/D5HSXEEOLFD-XQS %DUL *LDQQROL9LROD 1RDWDJOLDOORVWXGLRHSUHFDULDWRHFFRLOÀDVKPREGLVWXGHQWLHSURI/D5HSXEEOLFDS 5RPD %UXQHWWR&ODXGLD%OLW]HVWULVFLRQLVWXGHQWLLQ rivolta, /D5HSXEEOLFD2FWS 3DOHUPR *LX20HORQLHYLWDLOFRQIURQWRFRQO¶8QLYHUVLWj/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 7RULQR 6WXGHQWL /LQNH&ROOHWWLYR/HWWHUH,WDJOLDOO¶XQLYHUVLWj SUHVLGHQWHLQWHUYHQJD/D5HSXEEOLFD)HES %DUL %UXQHWWR&ODXGLD6WXGHQWLLQFRUWHR a scuola è autunno caldo, /D5HSXEEOLFD 2FWS 3DOHUPR *LXVWHWWL2WWDYLD$UULYD6DFFRQLXQLYHUVLWjEOLQGDWD/D5HSXEEOLFD, 9 Nov. p.9 7RULQR )RUJQRQH9DOHULD*UDWWRJJL6DUD8QLYHUVLWDULHOLFHDOLV¿ODQRLQPLOD/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 5RPD 9HWWRUL(PLOLR 3DOD]]R&DPSDQDV¿GDOD*HOPLQL'RPDQLRFFXSLDPRVWUDGHHXQLYHUVLWj/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 7RULQR *LDQQROL9LROD*UDWWRJJL6DUD/¶ assemblea degli studenti Contro la riforma Gelmini in piazza il 22 dicembre, /D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS 5RPD 3'µ'RWWRUDQGRVXLFLGDFRQWURL EDURQL¶*HORVXOO¶LQWHUYHQWRGHOOD*HOPLQL/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS 3DOHUPR 6RIUL$GULDQR,UDJD]]LFRQLSHQVLRQDWL/D5HSXEEOLFD, 30 Nov. S 'H)D]LR%LDQFD/¶XQLYHUVLWjWUDOHPDFHULHGL3RPSHL/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 1DSROL $QRQ\PRXV1XRYDRQGDWDGLVFXROHRF- cupate, /D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS 3DOHUPR 0DOWHVH&XU]LR/DSURWHVWDGHOOHFKLWDUUH³ULGDWHFLLOIXWXUR´/D5HSXEEOLFD, 23 Dec. p.1. 9 Anonymous 2009. Poli, prove di fusione con Milano, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 12 Nov. p.8 (Torino). 10 *LDQQROL9LROD*UDWWRJJL6DUD/¶DVVHPEOHDGHJOLVWXGHQWL&RQWURODULIRUPD*HOPLQLLQSLD]]DLOGLFHPEUH/D5HSXEEOLFD, 17 Dec. p.2 (Roma). 11 *LDQQROL9LROD1RDWDJOLDOORVWXGLRHSUHFDULDWRHFFRLOÀDVKPREGLVWXGHQWLHSURI/D5HSXEEOLFDS 5RPD 6RIUL$GULDQR,UDJD]]LFRQ i pensionati, /D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 'H)D]LR%LDQFD/¶XQLYHUVLWjWUDOHPDFHULHGL3RPSHL/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 1DSROL $QRQ\- mous 2010. Nuova ondata di scuole occupate, /D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS 3DOHUPR 0DOWHVH&XU]LR/DSURWHVWDGHOOHFKLWDUUH³ULGDWHFLLOIXWXUR´ /D5HSXEEOLFD, 23 Dec. p.1. 12 $QRQ\PRXV 6RWWR3DOD]]R9HFFKLROHXUODGHLSUHFDULQHKDQQRGLULWWRPDO¶DVVXQ]LRQHQRQDUULYD/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS )LUHQ]H
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YOUTH AND STUDENT MOBILIZATIONS
For a reconstruction of the mobilisation of tenured researchers in the Italian university movement of 2010, see Ferretti (2011), Maida (2011) and Piazza (2011). What is relevant in the context of this paper is WKHIUHTXHQF\RIDUWLFOHVLQZKLFKWHQXUHGUHVHDUFKHUVHYHQLIWKH\DUHQRW©SUHFDULRXVªVWULFWRVHQVX, use ©SUHFDULW\ªDVDIUDPHWRSUHVHQWWKHLUFRQGLWLRQVFRPSODLQVDQGSURSRVDOVLQWKHSXEOLF¿HOG These articles are mainly concentrated in the Spring13ZKHQWKHUHVHDUFKHUVVWDUWRUJDQLVLQJDQGIRUP WKHLUQDWLRQDOQHWZRUNDQGLQWKH)DOODWWKHDSH[RIWKHSURWHVW14. 5HVHDUFKHUVXVH©SUHFDULW\ªDVDFRQFHSWDEOHWRGHVFULEHWKHLUFRQGLWLRQLQDVHQVHWKDWLVZLGHUWKDQ WKHVWULFWGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHFRQWUDFW7KHSKHQRPHQRQLVTXLWHVLPLODUWRWKHRQHGHVFULEHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV VXEVHFWLRQUHIHUULQJWRWKHVWXGHQWV WKHIUDPHLVH[WHQGHGERWKKRUL]RQWDOO\FRPSUHKHQGLQJDZLGHVHWRI meaning related to different aspects of the labour conditions of researchers (that in other times might have EHHQLQWHUSUHWHGZLWKRWKHUZRUGVVXFKDV©H[SORLWDWLRQª DQGYHUWLFDOO\GHVFULELQJSUHFDULW\VWULFWRVHQVX DVDSDVWWKDWWHQXUHGUHVHDUFKHUVNQRZDQGZDQWWRUHPHPEHUDQGUHGHHP0RVWRIWKHPKDGSUHFDULRXV contracts for year, before the tenure, and the representation of that condition is still part of the collective identity they are building15.
Precarity as a frame to address the movement from outside 7KHKHJHPRQLFIXQFWLRQRIWKHSUHFDULW\IUDPHWKHXVHRIZKLFKKDVWDQJLEOHUHVXOWVLQWKHSXEOLFGLV- course, is proved by the fact that, from a certain moment on, different social actors start to use it to refer to the university movement. This phenomenon, a part from one case16 that anticipates all the others, happens in the Fall of 2010, at WKHDSH[RIWKHPRELOLVDWLRQZKHQDV,VKRZHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVXEVHFWLRQVWKHUHLVDOUHDG\DSUHFDULW\ GLVFRXUVHGHYHORSHGDQGVKDUHGE\GLIIHUHQWDFWRUVLQWKH¿HOG Politicians from different parties address the issue of the university mobilisation, referring mainly to VWXGHQWVDQGXVLQJWKHZRUGV©SUHFDULHWjªRU©SUHFDULDWRª7KH¿UVWLV1LFKL9HQGROD17, leader of the eco- socialist party 6LQLVWUD(FRORJLDH/LEHUWj WKHQWKHVDPHZRUGVDUHXVHGIURPGLIIHUHQWSRLQWRIYLHZVE\ Giorgia Meloni18, minister of youth and member of the conservative party 3RSRORGHOOD/LEHUWj, Maurizio
13 Bompani, Michela 2010. Ricercatori pronti allo sciopero delle lezioni, /D5HSXEEOLFD0DUS *HQRYD %RPSDQL0LFKHOD5LFHUFDWRULVLDO- ODUJDODSURWHVWDO¶XQLYHUVLWjYHUVRLOEORFFR/D5HSXEEOLFD$SUS *HQRYD $QRQ\PRXV,SUHFDULXQLYHUVLWDULXQHVHUFLWRGLULVHUYD/D5HSXE EOLFD$SUS 5DX*DLD,ULFHUFDWRULULWLUDQRODGLVSRQLELOLWjDLQVHJQDUH/D5HSXEEOLFD $SUS )LUHQ]H 5XVVL)UDQFHVFD$WHQHR e Politecnico, rischio paralisi da domani si fermano 900 ricercatori, /D5HSXEEOLFD0D\S %DUL 5DX*DLD$WHQHLODSURWHVWDVLDOODUJD/D 5HSXEEOLFD 0D\S )LUHQ]H $OWLHUL/HRQDUGR7DVVLQDUL*LRUJLR9HFFKL5REHUWR=DSSROL6HUJLR/HXQLYHUVLWjQRQIDFFLDQROD¿QHGHOOH aziende sanitarie, /D5HSXEEOLFD 0D\S %RORJQD $QRQ\PRXV/¶8QLYHUVLWjGL3DUPDLQGLIHVDGHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQH/D5HSXEEOLFD, 25 May p.11. 14 Venturi, Ilaria 2010. Ateneo, la mobilitazione al potere, /D5HSXEEOLFD6HSS %RORJQD &RLQ)UDQFHVFD&DUD*HOPLQLQRQFLIDFFLDIXJJLUH dalle Università, /D5HSXEEOLFDS 9HQWXUL,ODULD *OLXQLYHUVLWDULGDQQRODVYHJOLDDOODFLWWj/D5HSXEEOLFD, 30 Nov. p.7 (Bologna). 15 9HQWXUL,ODULD$JUDULDO¶DODGXUDGHOODSURWHVWD/D5HSXEEOLFD 6HSS %RORJQD 16 $QRQ\PRXV,OVDFUL¿FLRGHLSLPDWXUL/D5HSXEEOLFD, 16 Jun. p.1 (Firenze) 17 $QRQ\PRXV/DYLGHROHWWHUDGL9HQGRODµ3UHFDULqRUDGLULYROWDUVL¶/D5HSXEEOLFD, 16 Oct. p.4 (Bari) 18 *LX20HORQLHYLWDLOFRQIURQWRFRQO¶8QLYHUVLWj/D5HSXEEOLFD, 6 Nov. p.13 (Torino)
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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Sacconi19, minister of labour and member of the same party, Vendola again20, the center-left 3DUWLWR'HPR FUDWLFR, the president of the republic Giorgio Napolitano22 and then-major of Turin Sergio Chiamparino23 (3DUWLWR'HPRFUDWLFR). A similar attitude is adopted, at the beginning of December, 2010, that is the moment of highest popu- larity of the movement (Zamponi 2011), by pundits, that start identifying precarity as one of the main and most legitimate reasons of the protest. In /D5HSXEEOLFD this happens four times24LQRQHZHHNWKH¿UVW ZHHNRI'HFHPEHU7KH)ORUHQWLQHHGLWLRQRI/D5HSXEEOLFDLQFOXGHVDQDQRQ\PRXV©XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWª DVDSRVVLEOH©SHUVRQRIWKH\HDUªEHFDXVHRILWV©XQFHUWDLQIXWXUHPDGHRIFXWVDQGSUHFDULW\ª25
Brains on the run $FRPPRQWRSLFTXLWHIUHTXHQWLQWKHDUWLFOHVUHJDUGVWKHVRFDOOHG©EUDLQVRQWKHUXQªWKH,WDOLDQUH- VHDUFKHUVZRUNLQJDEURDG7KHWKHPHLVSDUWLFXODUO\SRSXODUEHWZHHQWKHHQGRI DQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRI LQRFFDVLRQRIWKHSXEOLFGHEDWHWKDWIROORZVWKHRSHQOHWWHULQZKLFK3LHUOXLJL&HOOLJHQHUDOGLUHFWRU of the private university Luiss, advises his son to go abroad26. 7KHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHSHRSOHZKRGHFLGHWRHPLJUDWHLVGHVFULEHGDVFKDUDFWHULVHGE\©SUHFDULW\DQG ZRUU\ª27DVVRFLDWLQJSUHFDULW\ZLWKDYHU\JHQHUDOGH¿QLWLRQRIGLVWUHVV$VWKHSUHYLRXVVXEVHFWLRQVKDYH VKRZQWKHZRUG©SUHFDULW\ªLVJUDGXDOO\LQFUHDVLQJLWVSRO\VHPLFQDWXUH LWLVWKHDFWXDOSUHFDULW\RIODERXU of researchers, it is the precarity of labour that the students expect from their future, it is also the uncertainty on the future of university for tenured researchers. The concept becomes larger than itself, and becomes a SRZHUIXOV\PEROFKDUJHGZLWKDPHDQLQJWKDWJRHVEH\RQGDQ\SXQFWXDOGH¿QLWLRQDEOHWRUHSUHVHQWWKH general condition of a generation.
The lost generation $QRWKHUJURXSRIDUWLFOHVUHIHUVPRUHJHQHUDOO\ZLWKSUHFDULW\DVDFRQGLWLRQRIGLVWUHVVWKDWFKDUDFWHU- LVHV\RXQJSHRSOHVRPHWLPHVGHVFULELQJWKHDFWXDOVRFLDOSUREOHPVFRQQHFWHGZLWKODERXUDQGZHOIDUH VRPHWLPHVIRFXVLQJPRUHVXSHU¿FLDOO\RQGLIIHUHQWVWHUHRW\SHVUHJDUGLQJWKH,WDOLDQ\RXWK 19 Giustetti, Ottavia 2010. Arriva Sacconi, università blindata, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 9 Nov. p.9 (Torino) 20 Casadio, Giovanna 2010. Giusto ribellarsi, sono senza futuro ma la guerriglia è un vicolo cieco, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 17 Dec. p.14 21 6DQQLQR&RQFKLWD%LQGLFRQ%HUVDQLµ3ULPDOHDOOHDQ]H¶/D5HSXEEOLFD, 19 Dec. p.1 (Napoli) 22 Zunino, Corrado 2010. Napolitano riceve gli studenti Solo lui ci ha ascoltato davvero, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 23 Dec. p.2 23 Griseri, Paolo 2010. Se il movimento vuole un futuro dica basta a violenza e vecchi slogan, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 23 Dec p.7 24 *DOOL&DUOR/¶LVWUX]LRQHSUHFDULD/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS &ROHWWL9LWWRULR/DOHJJHGHOO¶LJQRUDQ]D/D5HSXEEOLFD, 5 Dec. p.1 (Geno- YD &HFFDULQL/XLJL3RFKLIRQGLHSUHFDULDWROHUDJLRQLGHOODSURWHVWD/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS 'LDPDQWL,OYR5DJD]]LULEHOOL/DPDUFLD GHL SL JLRYDQL/D5HSXEEOLFD, 6 Dec. pp-27-28-29 25 5DX*DLD3HUVRQDJJLRGHOO¶DQQR/D5HSXEEOLFD, 28 Dec. p.10 (Firenze) 26 $QRQ\PRXV /DIXJDGLFHUYHOOLULJXDUGDDQFKHJOLH[WUDFRPXQLWDUL1RXUHGLQQHVSLHJD7DKDLOPDURFFKLQR µ4XLPLODXUHRSHUO¶LPSLHJRGRYUz ODVFLDUHO¶,WDOLD¶/D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS 7RULQR &HOOL3LHUOXLJL µ,RPLR¿JOLRHO¶DUWHGHOODIXJD¶/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS $QRQ\PRXV 1DSROLWDQR JLRYDQLQRQODVFLDWHO¶,WDOLD/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS $XJLDV&RUUDGR/DWHQWD]LRQHGLIXJJLUHGDXQSDHVHSHUYHFFKL/D5H SXEEOLFD, 10 Feb. p.44. 27 $QRQ\PRXV /DIXJDGLFHUYHOOLULJXDUGDDQFKHJOLH[WUDFRPXQLWDUL1RXUHGLQQHVSLHJD7DKDLOPDURFFKLQR µ4XLPLODXUHRSHUO¶LPSLHJRGRYUz ODVFLDUHO¶,WDOLD¶/D5HSXEEOLFD, 24 Nov. p.3 (Torino)
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$FRPPRQWRSLFLQWKHVHDUWLFOHVLVWKHUHIHUHQFHWRWKHLQVXI¿FLHQF\RIWKH,WDOLDQZHOIDUHV\VWHPQRW DEOHWRGHDOZLWKVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQVWKDWDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDORSHQHQGHGFRQWUDFW28. There are DOVRIUHTXHQWFRPSDULVRQVZLWKRWKHU(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV29DQGUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHZRUG©EDPERFFLRQLª30, ZLWKZKLFKWKHQPLQLVWHURIHFRQRP\7RPPDVR3DGRD6FKLRSSDLQGH¿QHG\RXQJ,WDOLDQVZKROLYH ZLWKWKHLUSDUHQWV)XUWKHUPRUHVRPHDUWLFOHVIRFXVRQWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVRIIRUPLQJDIDPLO\31 and on the use- lessness of higher education in the job market32([SUHVVLRQVOLNH©SUHFDULHWjHVLVWHQ]LDOHª33 and «precarietà GLYLWDª34 are used, and it is generally conveyed the idea of a common condition of distress and hopeless- QHVVVKDUHGE\DZKROHJHQHUDWLRQWKHERUGHUVRIZKLFKDUHXQGH¿QHGDQGZKLFKLVFDOOHGZLWKGLIIHUHQW ODEHOV ©JHQHUD]LRQHVHQ]DSRVWR¿VVRª35 ©JHQHUDWLRQZLWKRXWDVWDEOHMREª ©JHQHUD]LRQHGHLSUHFDULª36 ©JHQHUDWLRQRISUHFDULRXVª ©JHQHUD]LRQHµª37©JHQHUD]LRQHVDQGZLFKª38. This shared condition is so JHQHUDOO\DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWLWEHFRPHVSDUWRIWKHSRSXODUFXOWXUHWRZKLFKWKHPHGLDUHIHUHYHQZKHQ GHDOLQJZLWKWRSLFVIDUIURPFRQQHFWHGZLWKODERXU39.
From the lips of the enemy 7KHODVWJURXSRIDUWLFOHVLQFOXGHVWKHFDVHVLQZKLFKWKHZRUGV©SUHFDULW\ªRU©SUHFDULDWªDUHXVHGE\ social and political actors that are on the opposite side of the struggle fought by the university movement. ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWLFHKRZWKHVHDUWLFOHVDUHFRQFHQWUDWHGDURXQGWKHHQGRI$SULOZKHQWKHUHVHDUFKHUV¶ PRELOLVDWLRQJHWVIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHPHGLDDWWHQWLRQDQG1RYHPEHUGXULQJWKHPRVWLQWHQVHVWXGHQWSURWHVW 7KHJDOOHU\RIFKDUDFWHUVLVTXLWHYDULRXV 3LHU/XLJL&HOOL40, general director of the private university /8,66SUDLVHVWKH©*HOPLQLODZªEXWUHIHUWR©SUHFDULW\ªDVZHOODVSXQGLW0DULR3LUDQL41 *LDQIUDQFR Fini, co-founder of the conservative party 3RSRORGHOOD/LEHUWjFLWHVWKH©VWUXJJOHDJDLQVWSUHFDULW\ªDV one of the priorities that the government he supports must assume42 /XFD&RUGHURGL0RQWH]HPRORSUHVL- 28 6FKLDYD]]L9HUD)LJOLG¶(XURSD/D5HSXEEOLFD-DQS 'H/XFD0DULD1RYHOOD/HIDPLJOLHGHOZHHNHQG,IRU]DWLGHOOHFRSSLHD distanza, /D5HSXEEOLFD 0DUSS $QRQ\PRXV5LFHUFDWRULO¶XQLFDYLDqDQGDUVHQHGDOO¶,WDOLD/D5HSXEEOLFD$SUS 6DVVR&LQ- ]LD&RVuVLVDOYHUjODJHQHUD]LRQHµ/D5HSXEEOLFDSS $QRQ\PRXV'LDPDQWLVWXGLDODJHQHUD]LRQHGHLSUHFDUL/D5HSXEEOLFD, 8 0D\S 'H5LFFDUGLV6DQGUR6HVWXGLDUHGLSLGLYHQWDXQKDQGLFDS/D5HSXEEOLFD,, 15 Sep. p.1. 29 $QRQ\PRXV5LFHUFDWRULO¶XQLFDYLDqDQGDUVHQHGDOO¶,WDOLD/D5HSXEEOLFD$SUS 6DVVR&LQ]LD&RVuVLVDOYHUjODJHQHUD]LRQHµ/D 5HSXEEOLFDSS 'H5LFFDUGLV6DQGUR6HVWXGLDUHGLSLGLYHQWDXQKDQGLFDS/D5HSXEEOLFD,, 15 Sep. p.1. 30 6FKLDYD]]L9HUD)LJOLG¶(XURSD/D5HSXEEOLFD-DQS $QRQ\PRXV'LDPDQWLVWXGLDODJHQHUD]LRQHGHLSUHFDUL/D5HSXEEOLFD, 8 May p.10. 31 $QRQ\PRXV 9RFLGDOODJHQHUD]LRQHVHQ]DSRVWR¿VVR/D5HSXEEOLFD'HFS )LUHQ]H 'H/XFD0DULD1RYHOOD/HIDPLJOLHGHOZHHNHQG I forzati delle coppie a distanza, /D5HSXEEOLFD 0DUSS 32 Visitilli, Giancarlo 2009. In cattedra la resa dei genitori, /D5HSXEEOLFD1RYS %DUL 'H5LFFDUGLV6DQGUR6HVWXGLDUHGLSLGLYHQWDXQKDQGL- cap, /D5HSXEEOLFD,, 15 Sep. p.1. 33 'H/XFD0DULD1RYHOOD/HIDPLJOLHGHOZHHNHQG,IRU]DWLGHOOHFRSSLHDGLVWDQ]D/D5HSXEEOLFD 0DUSS 34 6DVVR&LQ]LD&RVuVLVDOYHUjODJHQHUD]LRQHµ/D5HSXEEOLFD, pp.29-30-31 35 $QRQ\PRXV 9RFLGDOODJHQHUD]LRQHVHQ]DSRVWR¿VVR/D5HSXEEOLFD, 15 Dec. p.3 (Firenze) 36 Anonymous 2010. Diamanti studia la generazione dei precari, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 8 May p.10 37 6DVVR&LQ]LD&RVuVLVDOYHUjODJHQHUD]LRQHµ/D5HSXEEOLFD, pp.29-30-31 38 *DOLPEHUWL*HQHUD]LRQHVDQGZLFK/D5HSXEEOLFD, 27 Jan. p.49. 39 5DPSLQL)HGHULFR+RPRIDEHULOULWRUQRDOODPDQXDOLWjSHUFKpRJJLqGLPRGDO¶XRPRDUWLJLDQR/D5HSXEEOLFD, 6 Mar. p.49. 40 &HOOL3LHU/XLJL,OULVFDWWRGHOPDGHLQ,WDO\GHYHSDUWLUHGDOO¶XQLYHUVLWj/D5HSXEEOLFD $SUS $IIDULH¿QDQ]D 41 Pirani, Mario 2010. Liberare la ricerca dalle mani dei boiardi, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 19 Apr. p.22. 42 %HL)UDQFHVFR/¶XOWLPDWXPGL*LDQIUDQFR³%HUOXVFRQLVLGHYHGLPHWWHUH´/D5HSXEEOLFD, 7 Nov. p.3.
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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GHQWRI)HUUDULDQGIRUPHUSUHVLGHQWRIWKH,WDOLDQHPSOR\HUVRUJDQLVDWLRQ&RQ¿QGXVWULDSURSRVHVD©JHQ- HUDWLRQDOSDFWªDJDLQVWSUHFDULW\43. )LQDOO\ FORVLQJ WKH F\FOH D ERRN RQ ÀH[LELOLW\ LV WLWOHG ©(ORJLR GHOOD SUHFDULHWjª ©7KH SUDLVH RI SUHFDULW\ª 447KHSUHFDULW\GLVFRXUVHKDVJDLQHGVXFKSRVLWLRQLQWKHSXEOLF¿HOGWKDWHYHQWRFULWLFLVHLWLW is easier to assume than to deny it.
Multiples conceptual lenses to interpret the multiples dimensions of a phenomenon 7KHV\PEROLFVXFFHVVRIWKHSUHFDULW\GLVFRXUVHHPHUJHVTXLWHYLVLEO\IURPWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQV%XW WKHUHDVRQVRIWKLVVXFFHVVWKHPHFKDQLVPVZKLFKPDGHSUHFDULW\DV\PEROLFWRRODQGUHVRXUFHLQWKHPR- bilisation of Italian university students and researchers and the potential implications of this process in the future of Italian contentious politics need further analysis. $OLFH0DWWRQL¶VZRUNWKDW,KDYHFLWHGPDQ\WLPHVSRLQWVRXWWKHUROHRIWKHPHGLDLQWKLVSURFHVV DQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDFWLYLVWVDQGPHGLDLQVRFLDOO\FRQVWUXFWLQJWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH VWUXJJOHVRISUHFDULRXVZRUNHUV7KLVLVZK\,GRQRWGH¿QHSUHFDULW\RQO\DVDV\PEROLFUHVRXUFHIRUVRFLDO actors, but also as a symbolic tool, in order to underline the active role of social movements in the construc- WLRQRIWKHSXEOLFGLVFRXUVHRQSUHFDULW\DOUHDG\DFNQRZOHGJHGE\WKHOLWHUDWXUH Different conceptual lenses can be useful to interpret this phenomenon. Each of them enlightens some aspects of it, and at the same points out obscure ares that need further investigation. 3UHFDULW\ZRUNVDVDGLDJQRVWLFIUDPH 6QRZDQG%HQIRUG 6RFLDODFWRUVKDYHEHHQDEOHWRUHFRJQLVH WKHPDWWHUDSSURSULDWHLWDQGSXEOLFLVHLWDVDVRFLDOSUREOHP:KDWLQWKH VZDVDFRQFHSWJHQHUDOO\XQ- NQRZQDV,KDYHVKRZHGLQWKHVHFRQGVHFWLRQKDVEHFRPHDFRPPRQZD\WRLQWHUSUHWWKHDFWXDOFRQGLWLRQ of labour. Social and political actors have played a fundamental role in this process, developing and spreading WKLVIUDPHDVDQH[SODQDWRU\WRROIRUDFRQGLWLRQVKDUHGE\DQLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURISHRSOH$V,KDYHVKRZHG in the third section, this frame, in the context of the university mobilisation, has been extended from precari- RXVZRUNHUVWRVWXGHQWVDQGWHQXUHGUHVHDUFKHUV%XWWKLVSURFHVVLVQRWZLWKRXWFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHIUDPH itself: extending it to different actors, its meaning has been stretched horizontally and vertically, in time and VSDFH:KLFKDUHWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHSURFHVVRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWVRFLDODFWRUVWKDW PLJKWXVHWKHVDPHIUDPHZLWKYHU\GLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJV":KHUHDUHWKHOLPLWVRIWKLVH[WHQVLRQ":KLFKDUHWKH FRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLVFKDQJHVLQWKHHI¿FDF\RIWKLVIUDPHDVDV\PEROLFUHVRXUFHIRUPRELOLVDWLRQ" At the same time, precarity has become a FROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\ (Polletta and Jasper 2001), able to activate PHFKDQLVPVRIUHFRJQLWLRQDQGEHORQJLQJLQDZLGHVSHFWUXPRIVRFLDODFWRUV6WXGHQWVDQGUHVHDUFKHUV ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHPRELOLVDWLRQKDYHGLIIHUHQWSRVLWLRQVDQGRIWHQGLIIHUHQWLQWHUHVWVLQVLGHWKHXQLYHU- sity, but they feel part of a collective entity, and, in our hypothesis, the main common trait they recognise LVSUHFDULW\ZLWKERWKVRFLDODQGJHQHUDWLRQDOFRQQRWDWLRQV,KDYHH[DPLQHGWKHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKLV 43 Mania, Roberto 2010. Tagliamo le tasse ai giovani lavoratori il patto generazionale di Montezemolo, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 24 Nov. p.25. 44 Anonymous 2010. Appuntamenti, /D5HSXEEOLFD, 21 Dec. p.18 (Napoli)
199
YOUTH AND STUDENT MOBILIZATIONS
FROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\LQWKHPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDEXWKRZGRHVWKLVSURFHVVZRUNDWWKHPLFUROHYHO"+RZGRHV WKHSUHFDULRXVLGHQWLW\HYROYHLQGLIIHUHQWWLPHVDQGGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV"$QGZKRLVRXWRIWKHERUGHUVRI WKLVFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\" This process has brought up a QDUUDWLYH (Polletta 2006) of precarity, that is a common set of stories that DUHWROGLQWKHSXEOLFVSKHUHGHVFULELQJWKHODERXUPDUNHWIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRI\RXQJZRUNHUVDQG SRLQWLQJRXWWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVRIWKHLUOLYHVDOOJDWKHUHGDURXQGWKHFHQWUDOFRQFHSWXDOQRGHRISUHFDULW\7KLV QDUUDWLYHFRPSHWHVLQWKHSXEOLFGLVFRXUVHZLWKWKHQDUUDWLYHRIÀH[LELOLW\DQGWKLVFRPSHWLWLRQLVDERXW VWRU\WHOOLQJIDFWRUVDVPXFKDVIDFWXDOIDFWRUV$V,KDYHVKRZHGLQWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQLQGLYLGXDOVWRULHVUH- IHUULQJWR©EUDLQVRQWKHUXQªWR©VFLHQWLVWVªDQGWRIDPLOLHVWKDWQHHGZHOIDUHSURWHFWLRQDUHIXQGDPHQWDO SDUWVRIWKHSUHFDULW\GLVFRXUVHLQWKHPHGLDWLVHGSXEOLFVSKHUH%XWKRZGRHVWKHQDUUDWLYHIRUPDWLQWHUDFW ZLWKWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOPDWWHURISUHFDULW\"+RZGRHVWKHVWRU\WHOOLQJSURFHVVLQWKHPHGLDWUDQVIRUP WKHFRQFHSWRISUHFDULW\LQWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH"+RZGRGLIIHUHQWVRFLDODFWRUVLQWHUSUHWWKHVDPHVWRU\" 7KHZLGWKRIWKHGLIIHUHQWVRFLDOSKHQRPHQRQVWKDWDUHLQWHUSUHWHGDQGQDUUDWHGXQGHUWKHODEHORISUH- carity suggests that precarity might also be analysed as a PDVWHUIUDPH (della Porta and Diani 2006: 79-81), DJHQHUDOSDUDGLJPRIFRQWHPSRUDU\,WDO\DNH\WRWKHUHDGLQJRIWKHVRFLHW\LQZKLFKZHOLYH7KHODVW VXEVHFWLRQRIWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQKLQWVDWWKHLGHDRISUHFDULW\DVVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVHYHU\ZKHUHDPRQJ\RXQJ SHRSOH6RPHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDODFWRUVXVHWRVD\WKDW©ZHDOODUHSUHFDULRXVªIURPWKHZRUNLQJSRLQWRI YLHZDQGIURPWKHH[LVWHQWLDORQHEXWWKLVKDVRQO\SDUWLDOO\HPHUJHGLQP\DQDO\VLV,QWKHFRQWH[W,KDYH H[DPLQHGSUHFDULW\VWLOOKDVVWURQJVRFLDODQGJHQHUDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVDWLRQVZLWKXQGH¿QHGEXWH[LVWLQJ OLPLWVWRWKHVRFLDODFWRUVDEOHWRDVVXPHWKLVIUDPH,VLWDPDWWHURIWLPH",VWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKLVIUDPHWKH QH[WVWHSLQLWVHYROXWLRQLQWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH"7KLVLVQRWDVLPSOHVWHS VSUHDGLQJLQGXOJHQWVWHUHRW\SHV DERXWWKHGLI¿FXOWOLIHRI\RXQJSHRSOHLVPXFKHDVLHUWKDWDVVXPHDSUHFDULW\EDVHGDQGWKHUHIRUHODERXU EDVHGJHQHUDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIRXUVRFLHW\7KLVSURFHVVLVDOOEXWQHXWUDOIURPDSROLWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZ DQGLWPLJKWEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRDQDO\VHWKHDWWLWXGHRIVRFLDODFWRUVDQGWKHPHGLDWRZDUGVLW)XUWKHUPRUHLW PLJKWEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRLQYHVWLJDWHZKHWKHUWKHXVHRISUHFDULW\DVDPDVWHUIUDPHLVDQHIIHFWRUDFDXVHRI the frame extension process I have already described. These characteristics make precarity a useful resource and tool in the struggle for KHJHPRQ\ VRFLDODQG SROLWLFDODFWRUVFDQSUR¿WIURPWKHFHQWUDOLW\LWUHDFKHVLQWKHSXEOLFGLVFRXUVHLQRUGHUWRJDLQFXOWXUDODQG political relevance and to create the conditions for social change. Some recent literature has already tried to use hegemony and other Gramscian concept to analyse the university movement (Caruso 2010). But ZKHUHVKRXOGZHVHWWKHERUGHURIKHJHPRQ\LQDFRPSOH[DQGSOXUDOVRFLHW\"&DQWKHUHEHRQHKHJHPRQ\ LIWKHUHDUHPXOWLSOHVSXEOLFVSKHUH" 'LIIHUHQWWKHRUHWLFDOODEHOVVKRZLQGLIIHUHQWZD\VKRZSUHFDULW\KDVEHHQDV\PEROLFUHVRXUFHIRUVRFLDO DFWRUVDQGEULQJWRGLIIHUHQWTXHVWLRQVIRUWKHHYROXWLRQRIUHVHDUFKRQWKLVWRSLF :KDWLVYLVLEOHHYHQIURPWKLV¿UVWVWHSRQWKLVSDWKLVWKDWSUHFDULW\KDVEHHQDV\PEROLFHOHPHQWDEOH to transcend the matters merely related to the duration of a job contract, and to become a factor of common LGHQWL¿FDWLRQDQGEHORQJLQJZKLFKNHHSVWRJHWKHUGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\DQGDOORZVWKHPWRSUR- PRWHDJHQHUDOPHVVDJHWREXLOGFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKZRUNHUVWRRSHQDJHQHUDOGHEDWHDERXWWKHIXWXUH7KH label of SUHFDULRXVKDVEHFRPHUHOHYDQWDQGFKDUJHGZLWKDVWURQJXQLI\LQJSRZHUDOVRRXWVLGHWKHVWULFWO\ ODERXUUHODWHG¿HOGLWKDVEHFRPHDJHQHUDWLRQDOODEHOFKDUJHGZLWKVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFRQQRWDWLRQV
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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,QWKHPRQWKVLPPHGLDWHO\IROORZLQJWKHXQLYHUVLW\PRELOLVDWLRQ,WDO\KDVVHHQVRPHVLJQDOVWKDWSRLQWWR- ZDUGVWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDQHZPRELOLVDWLRQRQSUHFDULW\LQYROYLQJVWXGHQWVDQGZRUNHUVEH\RQGWKHERUGHUV of the university. This mobilisation might become one of the protagonists of the traditionally contentious Ital- LDQSXEOLF¿HOGDQGUHVHDUFKVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHGZLWKWKHULJKWDQDO\WLFDOWRROVWRXQGHUVWDQGZKDWKDSSHQV
References Accornero, A. (2006) 6DQ3UHFDULRODYRUDSHUQRL. Rizzoli, Milano. %HQIRUG5'6QRZ'$ )UDPLQJSURFHVVHVDQG6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV $Q2YHUYLHZDQG$VVHVVPHQW$QQXDO5HYLHZRI6RFLRORJ\ 26: 611-639 &DUXVR/ /¶DSROLWLFLVPRGHOO¶2QGD XQ¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHJUDPVFLDQD,Q&DUXVR/*LRUJL$0DWWRQL$3LD]]D*$OODULFHUFD GHOO¶RQGD,QXRYLFRQÀLWWLGHOO¶LVWUX]LRQHVXSHULRUH. Franco Angeli, Milano. Castel, R. (2004), /¶LQVLFXUH]]DVRFLDOH&KHVLJQL¿FDHVVHUHSURWHWWL" Einaudi, Torino. Cavallari, A. (1990) /DIDEEULFDGHOSUHVHQWH. Feltrinelli, Milano. Couldry, N. (2008) Media Discourse and the Naturalisation of Categories. In Wodak, R., Koller, V. +DQGERRNRI&RPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKH 3XEOLF6SKHUH. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin. Couldry, N., Curran, J. (2003) &RQWHVWLQJ0HGLD3RZHU $OWHUQDWLYH0HGLDLQD1HWZRUNHG:RUOG5RZPDQDQG/LWWOH¿HOG/DQKDP &RXOGU\10DUNKDP7 7URXEOHGFORVHQHVVRUVDWLV¿HGGLVWDQFH"5HVHDUFKLQJPHGLDFRQVXPSWLRQDQGSXEOLFRULHQWDWLRQ0HGLD &XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\, 30(5) CSALE (Centro Studi Assemblea Legislativa Emilia-Romagna) (2010) 3UHFDULDWR FRQWUDWWLDWLSLFLHODYRURÀHVVLELOH6WXGLRVXOOD ÀHVVLELOL]]D]LRQHGHOPHUFDWRGHOODYRUR. Assemblea legislativa della Regione Emilia-Romagna , Servizio Studi e Ricerche , Bologna. della Porta, D., Diani, M. (2006) 6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV $Q,QWURGXFWLRQ%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ della Porta, D., Piazza, G. (2008) /HUDJLRQLGHO1R/HFDPSDJQHFRQWUROD7DYLQ9DOGL6XVDHLO3RQWHVXOOR6WUHWWR. Feltrinelli, Milano. 'LDQL0 1HWZRUNVDQG6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV $5HVHDUFK3URJUDPPH,Q'LDQL0DQG0F$GDP'6RFLDOPRYHPHQWVDQGQHWZRUNV UHODWLRQDODSSURDFKHVWRFROOHFWLYHDFWLRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG1HZ«@$OKDFHUHVWDUHÀH[LyQURPSHDOLJXDOTXHRWURVSHQVDPLHQWRVFUtWLFRVFRQHOSRVLWLYLVPR +DUGLQJ 1991)” (Nicolás, 2009:26).
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historia y los estudios sobre los sistemas de poder y dominación realizados desde diferentes corrientes de pensamiento crítico (feminismo, posestructuralismo, posmodernismo y poscolonialismo) han demostrado TXHVHWUDWDGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDLGHROyJLFDGHPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODKHJHPRQtDGHORVJUXSRVGRPLQDQWHV 1L- FRODV TXHHVQHFHVDULRVHJXLUFXHVWLRQDQGRKDVWDFRQVHJXLUURPSHUOD (QVHJXQGROXJDUFXDQGRGHFLPRVTXHHOGHEDWHHSLVWHPROyJLFR\ODHPHUJHQFLDGHHSLVWHPRORJtDV DOWHUQDWLYDVPiVTXHVHUXQKHFKRVRQXQDQHFHVLGDG+DFHPRVUHIHUHQFLDDORTXHVHxDOD%RDYHQWXUDGH 6RXVD6DQWRVFXDQGRD¿UPDTXH “no necesitamos alternativas, QHFHVLWDPRVXQSHQVDPLHQWRDOWHUQDWLYRGHODVDOWHUQDWLYDVSRUTXHPXFKDVDOWHUQDWLYDV H[LVWHQKR\SHURQRVRQUHFRQRFLGDVFRPRWDOHV VRQPDUJLQDGDVVRQLQYLVLELOL]DGDVVRQH[FOXLGDVVRQGHVSUHFLDGDV y también desperdiciadas” (Santos, 2008. las cursivas son nuestras).
,GHQWL¿FDU\WRPDUFRQVFLHQFLDGHHVWHYDFtRHSLVWHPROyJLFR\ODVGL¿FXOWDGHVTXHVXSRQHTXHUHUUH- VROYHUORQRVREOLJDDWHQHUHQFXHQWDSRUORPHQRVGRVFXHVWLRQHV SRUXQODGRWDO\FRPRVHxDOD&HFHxD HOHVSDFLRGHORVVDEHUHVHVXQHVSDFLRGHOXFKDVTXHWDPELpQIRUPDQSDUWHGHOSURFHVRHPDQFLSDWR- ULR SRURWURODGR\VLJXLHQGRD+RHWPHUXQDGHODVWDUHDVSULQFLSDOHVGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVFRPSURPHWLGRV con la construcción colectiva de conocimiento emancipador, consiste en: ³ UH HYDOXDUORVFRQFHSWRVDQDOtWLFRVWHRUtDVGHFDPELR\PHWRGRORJtDVTXHXVDPRVSDUDDQDOL]DUH[SOLFDUFULWLFDU \FDPELDUODVRFLHGDG(VGHFLUUHTXHULPRVGHDQiOLVLVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV\WHRUL]DFLRQHVGHORVFDPLQRVGHWUDQVIRU- mación social presentes en las acciones, conceptos, imaginarios, y propuestas políticas de los movimientos sociales actuales” (Hoetmer, 2009: 13).
$VtGLIHUHQWHVDXWRUHVDVVHxDODQTXHHVQHFHVDULR\XUJHQWHVXSHUDUHVRVYDFtRV\ODVWUHVTXHYHQLPRV DUUDVWUDQGRGHVGHKDFHGpFDGDVVLHQGRLQVX¿FLHQWHODWRPDGHFRQVFLHQFLDGHORVPLVPRV\SRUWDQWRKD- ciéndose necesarias la puesta en marcha de vías para su superación. Uno de estos lastres se hace todavía más patente cuando nos enfrentamos al desafío de interpretar los movimientos sociales latinoamericanos FRQWHPSRUiQHRV\DTXHFRPRVHxDOD%ULQJHO “nos volvemos a encontrar con una problemática fundacional mal resuelta: las nociones, las categorías y los concep- tos utilizados por la “sociología de los movimientos sociales”, emergente en las décadas de 1960 y 1970, estaban cons- truidos principalmente a partir de las experiencias europeas y norteamericanas (en particular, las luchas estudiantiles GHO RODVLQÀH[LRQHVGHOPRYLPLHQWRREUHURHQ(XURSD \ODVOXFKDVSRUORVGHUHFKRVFLYLOHVHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRV \QRDSDUWLUGHODVOXFKDVDQWLFRORQLDOHVH[WHQGLGDVSRUÈIULFDRDTXHOODVGHFDUiFWHUDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDSUHVHQWHVHQ $PpULFD/DWLQD>«@(VWXGLRVSLRQHURVFULWLFDURQGHGLIHUHQWHPDQHUDWDQWRHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD *RKQ FRPRHQ África (Mandani y Wmba-dia-Wamba, 1995) el sesgo eurocéntrico -o más bien “occidentocéntrico”- de muchos aná- OLVLV\ODQHFHVLGDGGHEXVFDUXQ³SDUDGLJPDSURSLR´DSHQDVGHOLQHDGRTXHVHFRQVWUXLUtDDSDUWLUGHODVH[SHULHQFLDV \ODVHVSHFL¿FLGDGHVGHODVOXFKDVVRFLDOHVGHFDGDOXJDU\UHJLyQ´ %ULQJHO
3RUWDQWRDORVHVIXHU]RV\DSRUWDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVGHVGHODHSLVWHPRORJtDIHPLQLVWDWHQHPRVTXHVX- mar aportaciones más recientes y con un fuerte carácter Latinoamericano (por razones antes expuestas). 1RVUHIHULPRVDP~OWLSOHV\GLYHUVDVLQLFLDWLYDVTXHHVWiQKDFLHQGRXQJUDQHVIXHU]RSRUUHXQLU\SRQHU en dialogo a voces críticas individuales y colectivas, académicas y extra académicas. Todas estas aporta- ciones y esfuerzos están unidos entre sí por la asunción de una serie de retos comunes (al menos de forma
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LPSOtFLWD HVWRVUHWRVSRGUtDPRVUHVXPLUORVHQ ODVXSHUDFLyQGHODVGLFRWRPtDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHODFLHQFLD PRGHUQD VXMHWRREMHWRWHRUtDSUiFWLFDQDWXUDOH]DFXOWXUDLQGLYLGXRFROHFWLYRHVWUXFWXUDDFFLyQHWF HO rechazo a la hegemonía de la epistemología positivista (desde donde la relación entre conocimiento y poder TXHGDWRWDOPHQWHFDPXÀDGD \ODFUtWLFDDORVXQLYHUVDOLVPRVDEVWUDFWRV Una de las iniciativas intelectuales colectivas con mayor impacto y trascendencia en los últimos años es el surgimiento y consolidación del programa “modernidad/colonialidad”9 y su perspectiva o Teoría deco- lonial10(QWUHRWUDVFXHVWLRQHV\VLQWHWL]DQGRGHPDVLDGRODFRPSOHMDSURSXHVWDTXHKDFHQHVWRVDXWRUHV\ DXWRUDVHVWHJUXSRSODQWHDTXHODVUHJLRQHVFRORQL]DGDVWUDVHO¿QGHOFRORQLDOLVPRKDQVHJXLGRH[SXHVWDV DWUHVWLSRVGHFRORQLDOLGDG ODFRORQLDOLGDGGHOSRGHU TXHDIHFWDDOiPELWRHFRQyPLFR\SROtWLFR FRORQLDOL- GDGGHOVHU TXHDIHFWDDODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\VH[XDOLGDGHV \ODFRORQLDOLGDGGHOVDEHU DIHFWDQGRDOiPELWR HSLVWHPROyJLFR¿ORVy¿FR\FLHQWt¿FR 9HDPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQFRPRORSODQWHDXQDGHODVYRFHVDFDGpPL- FDVTXHVHVXPDDHVWRVSODQWHDPLHQWRV%RDYHQWXUDGH6RXVD6DQWRVD¿UPDTXHODPRGHUQLGDGFDSLWDOLVWD WLHQHXQDYLROHQFLDIXQGDFLRQDOTXHHVVXFDUiFWHUFRORQLDOHLPSHULDOFX\RUDVWURQRKDGHVDSDUHFLGR ³HOFRORQLDOLVPRSROtWLFRWHUPLQySHURQRHOFRORQLDOLVPRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO>«@QRVHSXHGHHQWHQGHUODGRPLQDFLyQ \ODGHVLJXDOGDGVLQODLGHDGHTXHVHJXLPRVVLHQGRHQPXFKRVDVSHFWRVVRFLHGDGHVFRORQLDOHV´ 6DQWRV
+LVWyULFDPHQWHODSURGXFFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRFUtWLFRHQ(XURSDSRGUtDVHUXQEXHQUHÀHMRGHORTXHHVWi VHxDODQGR%RDYHQWXUDHQHVWDVOtQHDV\DTXHKDVLGREDVWDQWHPRQRFXOWXUDOHVGHFLUEDVWDQWHRFFLGHQWDO\ sujeta por lo tanto a los parámetros teórico conceptuales de la modernidad capitalista. Sin embargo hoy en día necesitamos de una racionalidad más amplia acorde con la realidad intercultural de nuestro tiempo y capaz de entender la complejidad de los fenómenos contemporáneos. Una racionalidad capaz de reconocer la exis- WHQFLDGHRWUDVUDFLRQDOLGDGHVFRQVWUXLGDVDSDUWLUGHH[SHULHQFLDVKDVWDDKRUDLQYLVLELOL]DGDV\VLOHQFLDGDV \ entrar en dialogo desde una lógica de relación cooperativa y no de dominación, para llegar a construir un tipo GHFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHVHDHPDQFLSDGRU(QSDODEUDVGH$UWXUR(VFREDUXQRGHORVDXWRUHVTXHSDUWLFLSDGHO programa Modernidad/Colonialidad, la principal fuerza orientadora de este programa de investigación es la inclusión y puesta en valor del conocimiento subalternizado de los grupos explotados y oprimidos. ³6LVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHODHGXFDFLyQSRSXODUODWHRUtDGHODGHSHQGHQFLDODWHRORJtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQ\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ acción participativa han sido las contribuciones más originales de Latinoamérica al pensamiento crítico en el siglo ;;±FRQWRGRVORVFRQGLFLRQDOHVTXHSXHGHQDSOLFDUVHDWDORULJLQDOLGDGHOSURJUDPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ0RGHUQLGDG Colonialidad (M/C) emerge como el heredero de esta tradición. Ssin embargo, existen sustantivas diferencias. Como :DOWHU0LJQRORKDDUJXPHQWDGROD 0& GHEHVHUYLVWDFRPR©XQSDUDGLJPDRWURª$QWHVTXHXQQXHYRSDUDGLJPD ©GHVGH/DWLQRDPpULFDª±FRPRSXHGHVHUHOFDVRFRQODWHRUtDGHODGHSHQGHQFLDHOSUR\HFWRGH0&QRVHHQFXDGUD HQXQDKLVWRULDOLQHDOGHSDUDGLJPDVRHSLVWHPHV HQWHQGHUORDVtVLJQL¿FDUtDLQWHJUDUORHQODKLVWRULDGHOSHQVDPLHQWR moderno. Al contrario, el programa M/C debe ser entendido como una manera diferente del pensamiento, en contravía de las grandes narrativas modernistas –la cristiandad, el liberalismo y el marxismo-, localizando su propio cuestio- (VWHSURJUDPDGHSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRHVWiIRUPDGRSRUQXPHURVRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHGLVWLQWDVGLVFLSOLQDV ¿ORVRItDVRFLRORJtDDQWURSRORJtDVHPLRORJtD economía) y de muy diversas latitudes (EEUU, Asia, África, América Latina y en menor medida Europa). En este grupo participan autores/as como Aníbal 4XLMDQR:DOWHU0LJQROR6RXVD6DQWRV$UWXUR(VFREDU&DWKHULQH:DOV$QD(VWKHU&HFHxD(QULTXH'XVVHOHWF 10 La perspectiva decolonial (en construcción) es una propuesta epistémica, teórica y metodológica para comprender y superar las relaciones de poder/dominación instauradas por el sistema múltiple de dominación de la modernidad-capitalista. Esta perspectiva es asumida por un número creciente de DXWRUHVDVFRPRHVSDFLRFUtWLFRSDUDDQDOL]DUODUHDOLGDGFRQWHPSRUiQHD\HOSUHVHQWHGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\+XPDQDVKR\SXHVWDVHQMDTXH(QHOOLEUR Colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales, compilado por Lander (2000) se puede ampliar información sobre el surgimiento y primeros pasos del programa Modernidad/colonialidad y la perspectiva decolonial.
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namiento en los bordes mismos de los sistemas de pensamiento e investigaciones hacia la posibilidad de modos de SHQVDPLHQWRQRHXURFpQWULFRV´ (VFREDU$
Además del programa modernidad/colonialidad, nos parecen especialmente reseñables iniciativas como la del “Consorcio de investigación sobre movimientos sociales y transformaciones político culturales del S.XXI” de la Universidad de Massachusetts-Amherst (Umass) o los “Talleres internacionales sobre para- digmas emancipatorios en América Latina”11, en estos talleres participan diferentes organizaciones y redes junto a académicos, investigadores, activistas sociales y políticos, educadores populares y personas intere- sadas en buscar el Diálogo de Saberes (Ecología de Saberes para Sousa Santos) acerca de los problemas de la emancipación social y humana en América Latina. (Q VXPD GHVGH HVWDV FRQFHSFLRQHV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV VH KDFH HYLGHQWH TXH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRQR- FLPLHQWR YiOLGR \ OHJtWLPR QR VH SURGXFH VyOR HQ OD DFDGHPLD \ TXH SRU WDQWR HPSUHQGHU XQ WUDEDMR GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVGHHVWDVSRVLFLRQHVUHTXLHUH XQDSHUPDQHQWHDXWRUHÀH[LyQVREUHORVFRQGLFLRQDQWHV VRFLRFXOWXUDOHVSURSLRV\VXVQRGHVHDGRVVHVJRV UHFRQRFHUHOFDUiFWHULQFRPSOHWR\OLPLWDGRGHQXHVWUD aproximación para, desde una pre-disposición prudente y responsable, estar receptivos a una mayor plurali- GDGFRJQLWLYD SRQHUHQSUiFWLFDODDSHUWXUD\GLDORJRUHDOFRQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHVHJHQHUDQHQiPELWRV H[WUDDFDGpPLFRV\H[WUDFLHQWt¿FRV FXOWXUDVSRSXODUHVPRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHVFRVPRORJtDV\¿ORVRItDV QRRFFLGHQWDOHVHWF \SRU~OWLPRH[SOLFLWDUHOSRUTXp\HOSDUDTXpGHDTXHOORTXHVHDQDOL]DHLQYHVWLJD 'HHVWDIRUPDQXHVWUDVUHÀH[LRQHVFRQFOXVLRQHV\SURSXHVWDVQRVHUiQODYHUGDGGHORTXHRFXUUHVLQRXQD LQYLWDFLyQHQWUHRWUDVSRVLEOHVDPLUDUHLQWHUYHQLUGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDTXHSURSRQJDPRV
11 Desde 1995 el Grupo América Latina: Filosofía Social y Axiología (GALFISA) del Instituto de Filosofía de La Habana (Institución académica cubana SHUWHQHFLHQWHDO0LQLVWHULRGHFLHQFLD7HFQRORJtD\0HGLR$PELHQWH FRQYRFDFDGDDxRVHVWRVWDOOHUHVHQORVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQWUHRWURV 9tD&DPSHVLQD Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC), Marcha Mundial de Mujeres (MMM), Red Latinoamericana Mujeres Transfor- mando la Economía (REMTE), Movimiento Trabajadores Sin Tierra (MST) Brasil, La Otra Campaña/EZLN, México, Confederación de las Nacionali- dades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE).
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The social movement in post-political society 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKLVHDUOLHUZRUNRI$ODLQ7RXUDLQHWRVWXG\FRQWHPSRUDU\PRYHPHQWPXVWQRWHWKH HFRQRPLFSURFHVVHVWKDWKDYHPRYHGXVEH\RQGDSURJUDPPHGVRFLHW\WRZDUGVDµSRVWSROLWLFLVDWLRQ¶RIVR- FLHW\:HPLJKWZDQWWRDQDO\VHWKHSRVWSROLWLFDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWDVPRUHWKDQVLPSO\WKHWULXPSKRI neo-liberalism. Of course the collapse of real-existing socialism and the rise of an economic consensus based on market ideology contributed to the foreclosure of actual and practical possibilities to imagine alternative IRUPVRIVRFLDORUJDQLVDWLRQ:KDWLVHYHQPRUHKRZHYHUWKHSUHVHQWFULVLVRIQHROLEHUDOLVPKDVGRQHOLWWOH WRFKDQJHWKDWIDFW'HVSLWHWKHDZDUHQHVVRILQFRPHLQHTXDOLW\FRUUXSWLRQODFNRIDFFRXQWDELOLW\DQGVRRQ DVZHOODVGLVFRQWHQWGLUHFWHGDWDXVWHULW\SURJUDPPHVLWUHPDLQVKDUGWRWKLQNDZD\RXWRIWKHFXUUHQWFULVLV 7KHJOREDOHFRQRPLFFUDVKKDVSURYHQWKHµHQGRIKLVWRU\¶WKHVLVZURQJ:KLOHLWIRXQGDGYRFDWHVLQ JOREDOLQVWLWXWLRQVXQLYHUVLW\HFRQRPLFVGHSDUWPHQWVDQG¿QDQFLDOVHFWRUVWRGD\WKHSURMHFWLWVHOILVLQ FULVLV$QG\HWQHROLEHUDOLVPGHVSLWHKDYLQJORVWLWVDOOSRZHUIXOLGHRORJLFDOJULSDQGSROLWLFDODGYRFDWHV FRQWLQXHVWRUHLJQ±LQWKHZRUGVRIWKH7XUEXOHQFH&ROOHFWLYH±µ]RPELHOLNH¶
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1HROLEHUDOLVPLVGHDGEXWLWGRHVQ¶WVHHPWRUHDOLVHLW$OWKRXJKWKHSURMHFWQRORQJHUµPDNHVVHQVH¶LWVORJLFNHHSV VWXPEOLQJRQOLNHD]RPELHLQD VVSODWWHUPRYLH XJO\SHUVLVWHQWDQGGDQJHURXV«6XFKLVWKHµXQOLIH¶RID zombie, a body stripped of its goals, unable to adjust itself to the future, unable to make plans. A zombie can only DFWKDELWXDOO\FRQWLQXLQJWRRSHUDWHHYHQDVLWGHFRPSRVHV,VQ¶WWKLVZKHUHZH¿QGRXUVHOYHVWRGD\LQWKHZRUOGRI ]RPELHOLEHUDOLVP"7KHERG\RIQHROLEHUDOLVPVWDJJHUVRQEXWZLWKRXWGLUHFWLRQRUWHOHRORJ\ 7XUEXOHQFH
This seems to be the current nature of the post-ideological or post-political society. Despite the apparent FULVHVSHUSHWXDWHGE\WKHGRPLQDQWHFRQRPLFIUDPHZRUNDOWHUQDWLYHYLVLRQVUHPDLQODUJHO\KLGGHQIURPSXE- OLFYLHZ:ULWHUVOLNH5DQFLqUHRU=L]HNH[SODLQWKLVDVWKHIRUHFORVXUHRIZKDWLVSURSHUO\SROLWLFDO ZKHUHDV WKHSROLWLFDOVSKHUHSURPRWHVWKHDELOLW\WRIXQGDPHQWDOO\GHEDWHDQGTXHVWLRQWKHZD\VRFLHW\LVRUJDQLVHG DQGWKHZD\ZHOLYHFROOHFWLYHO\7KHFULWLFVRISRVWSROLWLFLVDWLRQSURFHVVHVHPSKDVLVHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDQ- WDJRQLVPRUGLVDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWYLVLRQVRIWKHVRFLDODQGWKHHFRQRPLF%XWPRUHWKDQWKDWWKH\ FKDUJHSRVWSROLWLFVZLWKGHQRWLQJDQGGHOLPLWLQJWKHYHU\ORFDOLWLHVDQGVXEMHFWLYLWLHVRIWKHSROLWLFDOUHDOP 3ROLWLFDOµFRQVHQVXV¶HVSHFLDOO\RYHUTXHVWLRQRIHFRQRPLFVDQGHFRORJ\PDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWRKROG IXQGDPHQWDOGLVFXVVLRQVRYHULVVXHVRISRZHUUHODWLRQV,QVWHDGRISROLWLFVWKHSRVWSROLWLFDOVRFLHW\LVRQH of administration and management of the existing society and of socioeconomic relations and matters of ecological concern. Rather than ideological debate being the driving force behind social change, it is bu- reaucrats and technocrats that act as gatekeepers and promote certain interests over others. So the processes RISRVWSROLWLFLVDWLRQDUHQRWWREHHTXDWHGZLWKGHRUDSROLWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKH\VLPSO\ describe the complete monopoly over the political by the liberal democratic and neo-liberal consensus. Moreover, increased populist measures to enhance participation in formal democratic processes are not HQRXJK,QIDFWWKH\RIWHQJRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKDWWHPSWVWRNHHSSROLWLFVRXWRISROLF\ 7KHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIIRUPDOGHPRFUDF\ZLWKWKHOLEHUDOHFRQRP\LQIDFWPDQLIHVWHGLWVHOIPRUHDQGPRUHLQWKHVR called democratic regimes. It appeared as the internal exhaustion of democratic debate. The end of the socialist alter- QDWLYHWKHQGLGQRWVLJQLI\DQ\UHQHZDORIGHPRFUDWLFGHEDWH,QVWHDGLWVLJQL¿HGWKHUHGXFWLRQRIGHPRFUDWLFOLIHWR WKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHORFDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIJOREDOHFRQRPLFQHFHVVLW\7KHODWWHULQIDFWZDVSRVLWHGDVDFRPPRQ FRQGLWLRQZKLFKLPSRVHGWKHVDPHVROXWLRQVRQERWKOHIWDQGULJKW&RQVHQVXVDURXQGWKHVHVROXWLRQVEHFDPHWKH supreme democratic value (Rancière, 2004b: 3-4).
In contrast to the real democracy demanded and enacted by the global occupy activists, liberal democ- UDF\KDVFDUULHGZLWKLWWKHVSHFWUHRIWKHµHQGRISROLWLFV¶VLQFHWKHFROODSVHRIUHDOH[LVWLQJVRFLDOLVP1RW WKDWUHDOH[LVWLQJVRFLDOLVPZDVWKHRQO\DOWHUQDWLYHLPDJLQDEOHEXWLWVFROODSVHDQGWKHWULXPSKDQWULVHRI neo-liberalism as the only thinkable economic logic has had as an effect the foreclosure of political utopia. 7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWGHPRFUDF\LQLWVHOILVQRWD¿HOGZKHUHGLIIHULQJSRVLWLRQVDUHSRVVLEOH)RUPDO GHPRFUDF\LVVWLOOFRQWHVWHG\HWRQO\VRIDUDVLWQHHGVWREHWZHDNHGDQGSHUIHFWHG±YLDWKHLQFOXVLRQRI participatory elements and populist measures such as referenda or citizen consultations. Consensus, for Rancière, is the negation of politics, and therefore of social change. Politics (the notion he terms le SROLWLTXH) instead needs to be understood as antagonism, as disagreement. This disagreement LVSUHFLVHO\DQHFHVVDU\RXWFRPHRIGLIIHULQJYDOXHVDQGQRWLRQVRIµWKHFRPPRQ¶3ROLWLFVLVQRWKLQJRWKHU WKDQWKHSOD\LQJRXWRIFRPSHWLQJYLVLRQVRIZKDWLVFRPPRQWRDOO,QFRQWUDGLVWLQFWLRQWRWKHLGHDRISROL- WLFVDVGLVDJUHHPHQWVWDQGVWKHFRQVHQVXVSURPRWHGDQGXSKHOGE\ZKDW5DQFLqUHWHUPVWKHµSROLFHRUGHU¶
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7KHSROLFHRUGHUGHQRWHVWKHµSURSHUSODFH¶LQZKLFKSROLWLFVWDNHVSODFH,WQRWRQO\GHOLPLWVWKHUHDOPRI WKHSROLWLFDODQGJXDUGVLWVERXQGDULHVEXWDOVR¿[HVWKHSHUVRQVSURSHUWRWKLVUHDOPZKRDUHSDUW\WRWKH political. The LQGLJQDGRV pose a challenge to this police order. They react against the idea that it should be left to experts (economists, elected representatives and so on) to decide on the best representation of WKHFRPPRQ7KHSURFODPDWLRQµZHDUHWKH SHUFHQW¶UHSUHVHQWVDQµD[LRPDWLFFODLPRIHTXDOLW\¶E\WKH majority to take part in the political determination of public matters. The police order defends the very perimeters of the possible and the impossible, a certain “distribution of the sensible” determining “the place and the stakes of politics as a form of experience” (Rancière, 2004a: ,WLQYROYHV³QRWVRPXFKWKHGLVFLSOLQLQJRIERGLHVDVDUXOHJRYHUQLQJWKHLUDSSHDULQJDFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ RIRFFXSDWLRQVDQGWKHSURSHUWLHVRIVSDFHVZKHUHWKHVHRFFXSDWLRQVDUHGLVWULEXWHG´ 5DQFLqUH This can at times play out very literally as the policing of protest and public assemblies. In fact, the occupa- WLRQRIVSDFHVDQGWKHLUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWRSROLWLFDODUHQDVRIWKHLURZQULJKWVHHPHGWRWKUHDWHQWKHSROLFH order more than the protests directed at established channels of politics: Police interventions in public spaces consist primarily not in interpellating demonstrators, but in breaking up demon- VWUDWLRQV«,WFRQVLVWVEHIRUHDOOHOVHLQUHFDOOLQJWKHREYLRXVQHVVRIZKDWWKHUHLVRUUDWKHURIZKDWWKHUHLVQRWDQG LWVVORJDQLV µ0RYHDORQJ7KHUHLVQRWKLQJWRVHHKHUH¶7KHSROLFHLVWKDWZKLFKVD\VWKDWKHUHRQWKLVVWUHHWWKHUH¶V nothing to see and so nothing to do but move along. It asserts that the space for circulating is nothing but the space of circulation (Rancière, 2010: 37).
,WLVWKHYHU\DFWRIUHFODLPLQJSXEOLFVSDFHWKDWSRVHVWKHFKDOOHQJHWRWKLVRUGHULQWKH¿UVWLQVWDQFH 7KHRFFXSDWLRQVRIVTXDUHVSDUNVVWUHHWVDQGEXLOGLQJV±WXUQHGLQWRSXEOLFDOO\DFFHVVLEOHVLWHVRIQRWRQO\ protest but debate and participation – in themselves represent the axiomatic claim that public spaces are the loci of political deliberation and action. The Occupy movement and the protests of the LQGLJQDGRVGLGQRWEHJLQLQDSUHGH¿QHGSROLWLFDOVSDFH RULQWKHDWWHPSWWRFDSWXUHDQHVWDEOLVKHGSROLWLFDOUHDOPIRULWVRZQLGHDV,WLVQRFRLQFLGHQFHKHUHWKDWLW UHMHFWHGSDUOLDPHQWDULDQLVP,QPDQ\LQVWDQFHVSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVDQGHVWDEOLVKHGWUDGHXQLRQVZHUHQRWSHUPLW- WHGWRSURPRWHWKHLUDJHQGDVRURUJDQLVDWLRQVLQWKHRFFXSLHGVSDFHVDQGVTXDUHV,QVWHDGSROLWLFVEHJDQZLWK WKHVWUXJJOHIRUVSDFHZLWKWKHVWUXJJOHRYHUWKHUHDOPZKHUHRQHFRXOGOHJLWLPDWHO\VSHDNRIDQH[HUFLVHRI GHPRFUDWLFGHOLEHUDWLRQ+HQFHWKHVORJDQµWKLVLVZKDWGHPRFUDF\ORRNVOLNH¶$VVXFKWKHQHZPRELOLVDWLRQV DUHFHQWUHGRQTXHVWLRQVRI³ZKDWFDQEHVHHQDQGZKDWFDQEHVDLGDERXWLWDURXQGZKRKDVWKHDELOLW\WRVHH and the talent to speak, around the properties of spaces and the possibilities of time” (Rancière, 2004a: 13).
3UH¿JXUDWLRQGHOLEHUDWLRQDQGFRQVHQVXV Where the fundamental aspect of post-political society relates to a hegemonic closure of deliberative VSDFHDVRFLDOPRYHPHQWZRXOGEHSUHFLVHO\WKHFKDOOHQJHWRWKDWSDUDGLJP:HSRVLWWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDW WKH JOREDO 2FFXS\ PRYHPHQW DQG VLPLODU QHZ PRELOLVDWLRQV ERWK PLPLF DQG FKDOOHQJH SRVWSROLWLFDO society. The movement is characterised at once by a re-politicisation and deliberation of the fundamentals RIZKDW7RXUDLQHHVWDEOLVKHVDVWKHSURJUDPPHGVRFLHW\QDPHO\HFRQRPLFJURZWK2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH PRYHPHQWUHPDLQVSRVWSROLWLFDODQGGHFLGHGO\SRVWLGHRORJLFDO,WUHIXVHVWRGH¿QHLWVHOILQWUDGLWLRQDO WHUPVDVHLWKHUOHIWRUULJKWLWGRHVQRWH[FOXGHRQWKHEDVLVRISROLWLFDOLGHRORJ\DQGWKHVORJDQµZHDUHWKH
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SHUFHQW¶YHU\PXFKEHORQJVWRDGLVFRXUVHWKDWVWUHVVHVFRQVHQVXVUDWKHUWKDQFRQÀLFW0RUHRYHUDQG fundamentally, the self-understanding of many participants paints the movement not as a protest but as a SUH¿JXUDWLYHHQDFWPHQWRIGLUHFWGHPRFUDF\
3UH¿JXUDWLRQ 7KHLGHDRISUH¿JXUDWLRQLVRIWHQWLHGLQZLWKDQDUFKLVWSROLWLFDOWKHRU\5DWKHUWKDQD/HQLQLVWFRQFHS- WLRQRIKLVWRU\LQZKLFKUHYROXWLRQLVWKH¿QDORXWFRPHRIVWDJHVRIFODVVVWUXJJOHSUH¿JXUDWLYHWKHRU\ makes the case that the means and ends of struggle should not be separated. Social change, or revolution, KHUHLVDQDFWRIWKHSUHVHQFHQRWDJRDOWREHDFKLHYHGLQWKHIXWXUH,QDFWLYLVWSROLWLFVSUH¿JXUDWLRQWKXV GHQRWHVWKHGHVLUHµWREHWKHFKDQJHZHZDQWWRVHH¶RUµWREXLOGDQHZZRUOGLQWKHVKHOORIWKHROG¶,QKLV SDPSKOHW)UDJPHQWVRIDQ$QDUFKLVW$QWKURSRORJ\'DYLG*UDHEHUZKRZDVDOVRDNH\RUJDQLVHURIWKH 2FFXS\:DOO6WUHHWSURWHVWVGHVFULEHVWKHDQWLJOREDOLVDWLRQPRYHPHQWLQWHUPVRIDSUH¿JXUDWLYHSROLWLFV :KHQSURWHVWHUVLQ6HDWWOHFKDQWHGµWKLVLVZKDWGHPRFUDF\ORRNVOLNH¶WKH\PHDQWWREHWDNHQOLWHUDOO\,QWKHEHVW WUDGLWLRQRIGLUHFWDFWLRQWKH\QRWRQO\FRQIURQWHGDFHUWDLQIRUPRISRZHUH[SRVLQJLWVPHFKDQLVPVDQGDWWHPSWLQJ OLWHUDOO\WRVWRSLWLQLWVWUDFNV WKH\GLGLWLQDZD\ZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHGZK\WKHNLQGRIVRFLDOUHODWLRQVRQZKLFKLWLV EDVHGZHUHXQQHFHVVDU\ *UDHEHU
*UDHEHUDOVRGH¿QHVGLUHFWDFWLRQLQSUH¿JXUDWLYHWHUPV )RUWKRVHZKRGHVLUHWRFUHDWHDVRFLHW\EDVHGRQWKHSULQFLSOHRIKXPDQIUHHGRPGLUHFWDFWLRQLVVLPSO\WKHGH¿DQW insistence on acting as if one is already free” (Graeber, 2011)
3UH¿JXUDWLRQLVWKXVDSHUIRUPDWLYHDFW,WVXWWHUDQFHRUSHUIRUPDQFHLVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPZKDWLWSUR- QRXQFHV,QWKHFRQWH[WRI7DKULU6TXDUHRUWKH3XHUWDGHO6ROZKHUHWKRXVDQGVRISHRSOHSDUWLFLSDWHLQ *HQHUDO$VVHPEOLHVHQDFWWKHµKXPDQPLFURSKRQHV¶RUSDUWLFLSDWHLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJE\VLJQDOOLQJWKHLU DSSURYDORUGLVDSSURYDOXVLQJKDQGVLJQVWKHVSHHFKDFWµWKLVLVZKDWGHPRFUDF\ORRNVOLNH¶DGRSWVDSHU- IRUPDWLYHPHDQLQJDQGLQGHHGFUHDWHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\IRUµUHDOGHPRFUDF\¶WRRFFXU7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQ WKDWUHDOGHPRFUDF\H[LVWVLQWKHXQHYHQH[SHULPHQWVRIWKHVTXDUHVDQGSDUNV UDWKHUWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVEHJLQ WRH[SHULHQFHDGLIIHUHQWNLQGRIGHPRFUDWLFVWUXFWXUH:KHUHLWLVVXFFHVVIXOSUH¿JXUDWLYHSROLWLFVEUHDNV WKURXJKWKHSRVWSROLWLFDOGHDGORFN WKHSROLFHRUGHUWKDWGHQRWHVZKHUHSROLWLFVLVSRVVLEOHDQGZKHUHLP- possible becomes subverted. 7KHRFFXSDWLRQRIVSDFHRIVTXDUHVDQGSXEOLFSDUNVKDVDFWHGDVDSUH¿JXUDWLYHHOHPHQWWRWKH2FFXS\ movement. The movement is explicitly not demand based. It does not ask concessions or policy implemen- WDWLRQVRIDQDOUHDG\SUHHVWDEOLVKHGSROLWLFDORUGHU,WDFWVRXWWKHVHSROLWLFVLWVHOIZLWKRXWWKHQHFHVVDU\ H[HFXWLYHSRZHUWRDFW:HPLJKWZDQWWRTXRWHKHUHDWOHQJWKDOHWWHUVHQWIURPVRPHRFFXSLHUVRI7DKULU 6TXDUHWRWKRVHRI:DOO6WUHHW 6RZHVWDQGZLWK\RXQRWMXVWLQ\RXUDWWHPSWVWREULQJGRZQWKHROGEXWWRH[SHULPHQWZLWKWKHQHZ:HDUHQRWSURWHVWLQJ :KRLVWKHUHWRSURWHVWWR":KDWFRXOGZHDVNWKHPIRUWKDWWKH\FRXOGJUDQW":HDUHRFFXS\LQJ:HDUHUHFODLPLQJWKRVH VDPHVSDFHVRISXEOLFSUDFWLFHWKDWKDYHEHHQFRPPRGL¿HGSULYDWLVHGDQGORFNHGLQWRWKHKDQGVRIIDFHOHVVEXUHDXFUDF\ UHDOHVWDWHSRUWIROLRVDQGSROLFHµSURWHFWLRQ¶«:K\VKRXOGLWVHHPVRQDWXUDOWKDWWKH\VKRXOGEHZLWKKHOGIURPXVSROLFHG DQGGLVFLSOLQHG"5HFODLPLQJWKHVHVSDFHVDQGPDQDJLQJWKHPMXVWO\DQGFROOHFWLYHO\LVSURRIHQRXJKRIRXUOHJLWLPDF\
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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:KDW\RXGRLQWKHVHVSDFHVLVQHLWKHUDVJUDQGLRVHDQGDEVWUDFWQRUDVTXRWLGLDQDVµUHDOGHPRFUDF\¶ WKHQDVFHQWIRUPVRI praxis and social engagement being made in the occupations avoid the empty ideals and stale parliamentarianism that the term democracy has come to represent. And so the occupations must continue, because there is no one left to ask for reform. 7KH\PXVWFRQWLQXHEHFDXVHZHDUHFUHDWLQJZKDWZHFDQQRORQJHUZDLWIRU &RPUDGHVIURP&DLUR
7KHVHSURWHVWVDFWDVDQRQWRORJLFDOIRUFHDSUHVHQFHRIVRFLDODFWRUVWKDWDFWRXWWKHFKDQJHVWKH\ZDQWV WRVHH,QWHUPVRIµUHDOGHPRFUDF\¶WKHGHOLEHUDWLYHSUDFWLFHVLQFRQVHQVXVGHFLVLRQPDNLQJWKDWZHKDYH VHHQRQWKHVTXDUHVLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKRXVDQGVDUHQRWVLPSO\DWRROWRDFKLHYHDQDLP,WLVWKHYHU\SUR- FHVVWRZDUGVDFKLHYLQJRXWFRPHVWKDWLVFRQVWUXHGDVDJRDOLQLWVHOI +HQFHWKHVORJDQµWKLVLVZKDWGHPRFUDF\ORRNVOLNH¶LVLQFRQVLVWHQWLQLWVHOI2QWKHRQHKDQGLWLVWREHWDNHQ LQDOLWHUDOVHQVH ZKLOHUXGLPHQWDU\LQIDVKLRQZLWKUHFRJQLVHGOLPLWDWLRQVWKHSURFHVVSUH¿JXUHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\ RIDµUHDOGHPRFUDF\¶WKDWGUDZVSDUWLFLSDWLRQIURPWKH SHUFHQW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWLVSHUKDSVOLPLWLQJWR WKLQNRILWLQDSUH¿JXUDWLYHVHQVH:KDWGRHVLWPHDQZKHQSURWHVWHUVFDUU\SODFDUGVDQGEDQQHUVSURFODLP- LQJµZHDUHDQLPDJHRIWKHIXWXUH¶"7KH\PLJKWGHFODUHLQDSHUIRUPDWLYHVHQVHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIKLVWRULFDO FKDQJH$QG\HWWKHJDWKHULQJVDQGDVVHPEOLHVDUHMXVWDVDPXFKDQLPDJHRIWKHSUHVHQW3UH¿JXUDWLRQKHUH FRXOGEHFKDUJHGZLWKHPSOR\LQJWKHODQJXDJHRIµGURSSLQJRXW¶RIDVFHWLFLVPRIWKHFUHDWLQJRIVSDFHVWKDW ZRXOGVRPHKRZOLHRQWKHRXWVLGHRUEH\RQGWKHVRFLDOUHDOLW\RIWKHSUHVHQW,WPLJKWPDNHPRUHVHQVHWRWUHDW WKHJOREDOH[SHULPHQWVLQUHDOGHPRFUDF\DVQHJDWLYHH[SUHVVLRQVRIGLVFRQWHQW VHHIRUH[DPSOH1R\V 5DWKHUWKDQRQWKHLPSRVVLEOHVKRZFDVLQJRIDQDOWHUQDWLYHDQGIXWXUHSDUWLFLSDWRU\GHPRFUDF\RXUHP- SKDVLVZRXOGEHRQKRZWKHQHZPRELOLVDWLRQVH[SRVHWKHFRQWUDGLFWLRQVZLWKLQWKHSUHVHQWO\H[LVWLQJVRFLHW\
Deliberation 7KH2FFXS\:DOO6WUHHWSURWHVWVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZHUHSXEOLFLVHGE\DQDGYHUWLQWKHDQWLFRQVXPHU- ist magazine $GEXVWHUVDVNLQJµZKDWLVRXURQHGHPDQG¶0XFKKDVEHHQPDGHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKH2FFXS\ PRYHPHQWRXJKWWRUHPDLQIUHHIURPGHPDQGV5DWKHULWLVDGHOLEHUDWLYHSURFHVVZKHUHDOOFLWL]HQVFDQ HQJDJHLQUDWLRQDOGHEDWHHVSHFLDOO\DERXWWKRVH HFRQRPLFDQG¿QDQFLDO SROLFLHVWKDWWKH\DUHDIIHFWHGE\ Demands have of course resulted from this process of deliberation and discussion. They often relate to JUHDWHUWUDQVSDUHQF\UHGLVWULEXWLRQRIZHDOWKDQGUHJXODWLRQRIWKH¿QDQFLDOVHFWRU,Q6SDLQWKHPRYHPHQW of the LQGLJQDGRVKDGDOUHDG\SKUDVHGWKHLURQHGHPDQG µUHDOGHPRFUDF\QRZ¶%XWWKLVZDVQRWWREHGHOLY- HUHGE\SROLWLFDOSDUWLHVRUSDUOLDPHQWVEXWDSHUIRUPDWLYHDQGSUH¿JXUDWLYHDFWWKDWZDVFDUULHGRXWWKURXJK its utterance by thousands of people in the streets. Here deliberation stood at the forefront of the movement. :HFDQSRLQWKHUHPD\EHPRVWXVHIXOO\WRWKHVRFLDOPRYHPHQWWKHRU\RI-UJHQ+DEHUPDV +DEHUPDV +DEHUPDV¶VWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQFRQVLGHUVGHPRFUDWLFSROLWLFVWREHDUHVXOWRIWKH FDSDFLW\RIUDWLRQDOGHOLEHUDWLRQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQ7KLVGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHGHPRFUDWLFRURIWKHSROLWLFDOIRO- ORZVORJLFDOO\IURPWKHKXPDQFDSDFLW\WRGHEDWHDQGGLVFXVVWROLVWHQDQGVSHDN7KHRFFXSLHGVTXDUHVRI 0DGULGRU1HZ:HRUJDQL]HGDVVHPEOLHV@LQWKHQHLJKERUKRRGWRPDNHVXUHZHXQGHUVWRRGZKDWZDVKDSSHQLQJWKURXJKWKHZRUGV RIWKHSHRSOHDQGWRVHHLQZKLFKZD\VZHFRXOGFRQIURQWWKHVLWXDWLRQVVRWKDWWKH\GLGQRWVHHWKHPVHOYHVGHIHQVH- OHVVQR"6ROLGDULW\´
$FWLYLVWVFRQVLGHUHGWKH\KDGDPRUDOGXW\WRVSHDNIRUWKHXQGHUGRJVZKRGLGQRWNQRZKRZWRFKDO- OHQJHWKHV\VWHPLQ%DUFHORQD&RPPXQLW\ZRUNHUVDQGDFWLYHUHVLGHQWVDOVRDGYRFDWHGIRUEHLQJSURYLGHG ZLWKKLJKHQYLURQPHQWDOVWDQGDUGVDQGUHFHLYLQJTXDOLW\DPHQLWLHVDVVKRZQE\RQHRIWKHPDQLIHVWRV IURPFRPPXQLW\RUJDQL]DWLRQV¿JKWLQJIRUDQHZVSRUWVFHQWHULQWKHQHLJKERUKRRG 7KHQHZJ\PKDGWR KDYH³DOOWKHQHFHVVDU\SURYLVLRQV´DQGZDVQRWPHDQWWREH³DVXEWHUUDQHDQWKLUGFDWHJRU\VSRUWVFHQWHU´ ZLWKRXWSURSHUYHQWLODWLRQDQGQDWXUDOOLJKWLQJ $GGUHVVLQJLVVXHVRIH[FOXVLRQDQGYXOQHUDELOLW\FDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHGIURPFODLPVIRUVSDWLDOHTXLW\LQ regards to environmental privileges. Activists emphasize the importance of balancing access to environ- PHQWDOJRRGVDFURVV%DUFHORQDDQGHQVXULQJWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIUHVRXUFHVLQWKHLURZQQHLJKERUKRRG)RU instance, Manolo, a garden volunteer, emphasizes the right of kids to have access to recreational areas in the Casc Antic: ³:HZHUHSXVKLQJIRUDSDUN$SDUNLVIRUNLGVWRSOD\DQGIRUDJDUGHQ,WKLQNWKLVEHWWHUWKDQDSDUNLQJ>«@:KHUH ZRXOGEHNLGV¶UHFUHDWLRQWKHQ"7KH\KDYHWRJRWRDQRWKHUQHLJKERUKRRG"7KLVLVWKHLUQHLJKERUKRRG´
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,QWKHLUDFFRXQWVDFWLYLVWVRIWHQFRPSDUHWKHLUQHLJKERUKRRGVZLWKDUHDVEHQH¿WLQJIURPVXSHULRUDQG privileged environmental services and conditions – as reference points. They consider that residents are enti- WOHGWRKLJKHQYLURQPHQWDOTXDOLW\DQGWRVWD\LQJLQWKHLUQHLJKERUKRRGWREHDEOHWRHQMR\WKHVHHQYLURQPHQ- WDOJRRGV$VVXFKWKHGLVFRXUVHVRIDFWLYLVWVUHÀHFWEURDGHUGHPDQGVIRUVSDWLDOMXVWLFHIRUWKHUHYDOXDWLRQ of their neighborhood on the map, and for creating a sense of place, rootedness, and security for residents.
Controlling the land and managing borders Community leaders and organizations in the Casc Antic realized early on the importance of controlling the land and its uses. Environmental revitalization projects are thus anchored more deeply in a need to UHFRQTXHUWKHODQGRIWKHFRPPXQLW\LQWKHXUEDQVSDFH$VWKHQHLJKERUKRRGLVDIIHFWHGE\ULVNVRIHQ- FURDFKPHQWDQGIUDJPHQWDWLRQUHVLGHQWVDQGWKHLUVXSSRUWHUVZRUNHGWRJDLQJUHDWHUFRQWURORYHUWKHODQG and transform it from an underutilized and mal-utilized space to an environmental friendly area and a true asset. An important component of land control is ensuring that policy-makers recognize the legitimacy of XVHVDQGWKHWHQXUHRIWKHODQGWRWKHFRPPXQLW\&RPPXQLW\JURXSVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHYHU\DZDUHRI the importance of ensuring a long term lease or zoning for playgrounds, park, community garden, or sports grounds so that residents can build a sense of control and stability. Control over the land and territory does not stop at barren land and open space. It also includes the creation of enclosed spaces for physical activity, youth recreation, socio-cultural events, and community QXUWXULQJPRUHJHQHUDOO\DURXQGZKLFKUHVLGHQWVFDQJURZDVHQVHRIRZQHUVKLSDQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRU their neighborhood and city. For instance, the sports association AECCA successfully negotiated spaces IRU\RXWKWUDLQLQJDWWKHQHZ&HQWUR(VSRUWLXJ\PDQGDWORFDOVFKRROVGHVSLWHWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORFDO administration to open up the schools in fear of losing control over the activities developed there. They use WKHVHVSDFHVERWKIRUSK\VLFDOWUDLQLQJDVZHOODVFRPPXQLW\EXLOGLQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOH[FKDQJH ,QWKHORQJWHUPWKHZRUGVRIDFWLYLVWVUHYHDOWKHLUDWWHPSWWRJRRQHVWHSIXUWKHUDQGDVVHUWWKHLURZQVRY- ereignty and control over the neighborhood. To achieve territorial control, neighborhood sovereignty, and at times, superiority over outside groups, UHVLGHQWV¶ KDYH EXLOW FOHDU ERUGHUV ZLWK RXWVLGHUV LQ D SURFHVV RI GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI ³XV´ YHUVXV ³WKHP´ 7KUHHW\SHVRIERUGHUVGHWHUPLQHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQGRPLQDWHGSHRSOHDQGDGRPLQDQWFXOWXUH 3K\VLFDO ERUGHUVWKDWGH¿QHWDQJLEOHWHUULWRULHV VRFLDODQGV\PEROLFERUGHUVWKDWGH¿QHPHPEHUVKLSV DQGFXOWXUDO ERUGHUVWKDWVHSDUDWHZRUOGVRIPHDQLQJDPRQJSHRSOH6\PEROLFERXQGDULHVDUH³FRQFHSWXDOGLVWLQFWLRQV WRFDWHJRUL]HREMHFWVSHRSOHSUDFWLFHVDQGHYHQWLPHDQGVSDFH´ZKHUHDV³VRFLDOERXQGDULHVDUHREMHFWL- ¿HGIRUPVRIVRFLDOGLIIHUHQFHVPDQLIHVWHGLQXQHTXDODFFHVVWRDQGXQHTXDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIUHVRXUFHV and social opportunities.” , p.168. Boundaries are permeable, salient, durable, and visible, and they can be crossed, dissolved, activated, maintained, or transposed. In the Casc Antic, the construction of physical boundaries has been particularly important for residents to gain control over their territory, as they help maintain undesirable people outside and make territorial limits visible and salient. Some of the environmental projects in the neighborhood are borders and buf- IHUVPHDQWWRVHQGDVLJQDOWRRXWVLGHUVWKDWWKHLUSUHVHQFHLVQRWZHOFRPHG7KLVLVWKHFDVHLQWKH)RUDW GHOD9HUJRQ\DDQGWKH$OODGD9HUPHOOJUHHQVSDFHVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHSK\VLFDOPDUNHUVEHWZHHQ³XV´WKH UHVLGHQWVDQG³WKH\´±WKHJHQWUL¿HUVRUWKHWRXULVWV7KH\DUHFRQFUHWHWRROVWRFRXQWHUWKHSULYDWL]DWLRQRI public spaces by restaurants and outdoor terraces affecting the nature of the space – making it a consump-
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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WLRQDQGHQWHUWDLQPHQWVSDFH,QIDFWWKHQHLJKERUV¶UHIXVDOWREXLOGZKDWWKH\FDOOD³SOD]DGXUD´LQWKH Forat – a hard concrete plaza – and decision to use sand and grass is based to the connection they make EHWZHHQVXFKDVXUIDFHDQGWKHHQVXLQJRSSRUWXQLW\IRUEDUVRUUHVWDXUDQWVWRWDNHRYHUNLGV¶SOD\LQJDUHDV RUFRPPXQLW\JDUGHQVZLWKWDEOHVDQGFKDLUVDV(YDDVRFLDODUFKLWHFWHPSKDVL]HV ³,ILQWKH)RUDW\RXOHWWKHPOD\GRZQIRXUEULFNVWKHQLWZLOOEHDWHUUDFHDVZHOO,WLVWKHQDVSDFHWKDW\RXGHSULYHSHRSOH RI:KDWZHUHDOO\ZDQWHGZDVDJUHHQVSDFHEHFDXVHLW\RXJLYHFRQFHVVLRQVDQG\RXFHGHWKHUHHQGVXSEHLQJWHUUDFHV
)XUWKHUPRUHDFFRUGLQJWRUHVLGHQWVDJUHHQDUHDZLWKRXWDKDUGVXUIDFHHQFRXUDJHVUHVLGHQWV¶VSRQWDQH- RXVDFWLYLWLHVDQGXVHRIVSDFH2YHUWKH\HDUVFRPPXQLW\ZRUNHUVKDYHGHYHORSHGDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHQHZ public spaces to help youth re-appropriate their territory and re-construct a personal use for it. In the com- PXQLW\JDUGHQIHQFHVDQGJDWHVDOVRFUHDWHYLVLEOHOLPLWVRIWKHVSDFHVLQZKLFKRXWVLGHUVGRQRWKDYHWKH ULJKWWRHQWHUZLWKRXWSHUPLVVLRQ,WLVDVSDFHWREHSURWHFWHGDZD\IURPRXWVLGHWKUHDWVIURPYLROHQFH GUXJWUDI¿FNLQJDQGGXPSLQJ &RPPXQLW\DFWLYLVWVLQWKH&DVF$QWLFKDYHDOVRVHWXSVRFLDODQGV\PEROLFERXQGDULHVDVDZD\WR GH¿QHJURXSPHPEHUVKLSDQGVRFLDOO\DFFHSWDEOHEHKDYLRU7KHLQLWLDOSODQWLQJRID&KULVWPDVWUHHLQWKH )RUDWLQ'HFHPEHUZDVDV\PEROLFERUGHUDJDLQVWWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\DQGLWVFRQWUDFWRUVZKRZHUHGH- VWUR\LQJEXLOGLQJVDQGDEDQGRQLQJVSDFHV2OGHUUHVLGHQWVH[SODLQKRZWKHWUHHZDVD³VKLHOG´V\PEROL]LQJ the neighborhood presence in the space and constituted the basis for the further spontaneous construction of WKHVSDFHE\WKHUHVLGHQWVLQRSSRVLWLRQZLWKWKH&LW\VSRQVRUHGSURMHFWV7ZREURDGHUJURXSVDUHSUHVHQW LQWKHQHLJKERUKRRG 2QWKHRQHKDQGVWDQGWKHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKHQHLJKERUKRRG¿JKWV±ROGHUDQGWUDGL- WLRQDOUHVLGHQWVLPPLJUDQWVVRFLDODUFKLWHFWVDOWHUQDWLYH\RXWKDQGVTXDWWHUVDQGOHIW\LQWHOOHFWXDOV±DQG RQWKHRWKHUKDQGVWDQGWKH\XSSLHVDQGWRXULVWV5HVLGHQWVGUDZDFOHDUGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH%RUQSDUW RIWKHQHLJKERUKRRGZKLFKWKH\FRQVLGHUDVDIDVKLRQDEOHDUHDIXOORIQHZFRPHUV WKH³JXLULV´ DQGWKH areas of Sant Pere and Santa Catarina. In the Born, residents feel that they do not have a place anymore. /DVWUHVLGHQWVKDYHGHYHORSHGFXOWXUDOERUGHUVDVDZD\WRUHLQIRUFHSK\VLFDOVHSDUDWLRQ$FWLYLVWVUHJX- larly organize cultural and festive events during the year to celebrate the cultural diversity of the neighbor- KRRGRUJDQL]HVSRUWVFRPSHWLWLRQVDQGVKDUHWKHJDUGHQKDUYHVWVZLWKUHVLGHQWV6XFKHYHQWVGUDZDFOHDU GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDFWLYLVWVDVRZQHUVRIWKHVSDFHDQGRXWVLGHUVZKRGRQRW¿WZHOOZLWKWKHPHQWDOLW\ DQGKDELWVRIUHVLGHQWVLQWKHQHLJKERUKRRG/RQJWLPHUHVLGHQWVDOVRKDYHVHWXSDPHQWDOGLYLGHEHWZHHQ ZKREHORQJVWRWKHQHLJKERUKRRGDQGZKRGRHVQRWEDVHGRQWKHW\SHRIFORWKLQJRUDWWLWXGHSHRSOHGLV- SOD\2IWHQWLPHVWKHDOWHUQDWLYHFORWKLQJRUKDLUFXWVZRUQE\VTXDWWHUVRUKLSSLHVLVDFOHDULQGLFDWLRQRI QHLJKERUKRRGDFFHSWDQFHZKLOHKLSDQGIDQF\FORWKHVLVDVLJQWKDW\RXGRQRWEHORQJWKHUHDQG\RXDUHQRW DOZD\VZHOFRPHGWRWKHORFDOFHOHEUDWLRQVLQWKHJUHHQVSDFHVJDUGHQRUFRPPXQLW\JDUGHQV
Re-building democracy and planning practice /DVWHQYLURQPHQWDOUHYLWDOL]DWLRQSURMHFWVDUHWKHRFFDVLRQIRUUHVLGHQWVDQGWKHLUVXSSRUWHUVWRTXHV- tion broader political arrangements in the city. First, community activists strongly believe they have a right and responsibility to engage in a more spontaneous and even anarchical form of participation in Barcelona. 7KH\DUHSURXGRIVHOIFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDJUHHQDUHDLQWKH)RUDWZKLFKWRRNURRWLQSRSXODUVXSSRUWZLWKRXW a formal organizational structure, as an organizer emphasizes:
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³:HQHYHUZDQWHGPRUHWKDQVSRQWDQHRXVQHLJKERUV7KURXJKWKHVLPSOHGHVLJQRIVLJQVLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKH3OD]D SDUWLFLSDQWVZRXOGMXVWZULWHWKHLUQDPHVGRZQDQGH[SODLQZKDWWDVNWKH\ZRXOGEHGRLQJRQDSDUWLFXODUGD\ SODQWLQJ seeds, maintaining and cleaning up the garden, etc.”
7KHJUHHQSOD]DZDVDGHPRQVWUDWLRQVLWHRIXQSODQQHGDQGLQGHSHQGHQWZKLOHZHOOIXQFWLRQLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQ Here, residents put much emphasis on a “real participation,” the non hierarchical intervention of a multitude of SHRSOHRQDVSDFHZLWKIHZUHVRXUFHVDQGPXFKFUHDWLYLW\LQRUGHUWRSURPRWHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\UHODWHGDFWLYLWLHV ,QVRPHFDVHVDFWLYHFRPPXQLW\OHDGHUVDQGZRUNHUVDUWLFXODWHYLVLRQVIRUGHPRFUDWLFSUDFWLFHVWKDWUHDFK the point of “self-management” (DXWRJHVWLRQLQ6SDQLVK 7KH\YRZHGWRDSSURSULDWHWKHVSDFHIRUWKHP- VHOYHVDVZHOODVGHFLVLRQVRYHULWDQGWRUHVLVWQHZIRUPVRIFRQWUROIURPWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\)RULQVWDQFHVRPH FRPPXQLW\ZRUNHUVZRUNLQJZLWK\RXWKDUWLFXODWHGGHPDQGVIRUDXWRQRPRXVRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQW RIVSRUWVDUHDVVXFKDVWKH³FDPSLOOR´DQRSHQEDVNHWEDOOJURXQGZKLFKWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\WRRNGRZQLQ 0RUHUHFHQWO\WKH3RXGHOD)LJXHUDWKHQHZFRPPXQLW\FHQWHUKDVEHFRPHDVSDFHIXQFWLRQLQJXQGHUWKH SULQFLSOHRI³VHOIPDQDJHPHQW´WRUHÀHFWFRPPXQLW\GHPDQGV7KHPXQLFLSDOLW\KDVQRFRQWURORYHUWKHXVH of the center. People just ask for the key and organize different activities in it. Such a space is a learning pro- FHVVIRUUHVLGHQWVLQKRZWRWDNHUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQWKHGDLO\IXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHQHZQHLJKERUKRRGVLWH 2IWHQWLPHVWKH¿JKWVIRUDPRUHGLUHFWDQGWUDQVJUHVVLYHIRUPRISDUWLFLSDWLRQUHÀHFWDFWLYLVWV¶DQJHU over the lack of meaningful engagement by the City of Barcelona throughout the redevelopment in the &DVF$QWLF$FWLYLVWVPDQLIHVWGLVDSSRLQWPHQWDWDPXQLFLSDOLW\QRWWDNLQJWKHLUH[SHULHQFHDQGOD\NQRZO- edge about the neighborhood into consideration. A municipal staff member is very adamant about the imposition of ideas on residents: ³)RUWKHWKHPHRIWKHSXEOLFVSDFHWKHUHZDVDYHU\GLUHFWLQJDWWLWXGHE\WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\WKDWLVWRVD\ZHZHUHWKH RQHVZKRZRXOGRIIHUZKDWZRXOGEHGRQHDQGLWZDVWKHQGRQH$WPRVWZHZRXOGH[SODLQWKLQJVWRWKHQHLJKERUV 7KHUHZDVQRERWWRPXSGHFLVLRQSURFHVVQRGHEDWHQRUDFRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKDIIHFWHGSHRSOH´
Some community supporters are harsher, naming the practices of the municipality a “fantasmatic and ¿FWLWLRXVW\SHRISDUWLFLSDWLRQOHGE\SHRSOHZKRDUHERXJKWRXW´7KH\IHHOWKDWSODQQHUVLPSRVHGWKH urban plans (PERIS) upon them in the 1980s. During the construction of the Forat into a permanent green DUHDLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\LVDOVRDFFXVHGRIKDYLQJDEVRUEHGWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHFLWL]HQV¶PRYHPHQW ZKLOH³UHF\FOLQJWKHQHLJKERUKRRGDFWLRQVLQWRZKDWWKH\DWWHPSWWRVSRQVRUDVWKHLURZQSURMHFW´ 5DIDHO LQ@6HFRQG,VKRZHGSDUWLFLSDQWVZKR H[SUHVVHGGLIIHUHQWUHDVRQVIRUSDUWLFLSDWLRQ IRUFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\DQGIRUVKDUHGIUDPHV>LQDQG @,VDZWKDWDFWLYLVWVZKRGLGQRWFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\ZHUHLQWHUHVWHGLQFDUU\LQJ RXWUHSHUWRLUHVDQGVKDULQJWKHLUVNLOOVIRUVHWWLQJLWXS7KHVHSDUWLFLSDWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQXQLTXHUHSHUWRLUHV of a summit protests.
Participants who consisted collective identity and sympathized with master-frame )LUVWO\,LQWURGXFHSDUWLFLSDQWVV\PSDWKL]HZLWKPDVWHUIUDPHWKDWRUJDQL]DWLRQSUHVHQWHG7KLVFDVHLV PHQWLRQHGE\UHVHQWUHVHDUFK GHOOD3RUWDHWDO $QGWKLVSDSHUDOVRVKRZHGWKLVJURXS,QIRUPDQW$ LVW\SLFDODFWLYLVWLQWKLVJURXS6KHKDVMRLQHGVRPHJURXSVDQGQHWZRUNVZKDWKDYHWUHDWHGHQYLURQPHQ- WDOLVVXHVLQ6DSSRUR+RNNDLGR$WWKH6XPPLW3URWHVW6KHZRUNHGDVDVHFUHWDU\JHQHUDOLQ³+RNNDLGR 3HRSOH¶V)RUXPRQ*6XPPLW´DQGSUHSDUHGDIRUXPLQ6DSSRUR³&LWL]HQ¶V6XPPLW´,QIRUPDQW$VDLG $ ,SDUWLFLSDWHGLQVXPPLWSURWHVWEHFDXVH,WKRXJKWWKDWWKLVSURWHVWZRXOGEHDQRSSRUWXQLW\WKDWZHPDGHFRQYHU- VDWLRQZLWKRWKHUDFWLYLVWVJURXSVDQGVHFWRUV)RUH[DPSOHWKH\DUH1*2V132VDQGWKH*RYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHV,Q VXPPLWSURWHVWZHFRXOGJHWFRQVHQVXVDERXWORFDORUJOREDOLVVXHV3
³&RPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKRWKHUDFWLYLVWJURXSV´DQG³FRQVHQVXV´ZHUHJRDOVWKDW³+RNNDLGR3HRSOH¶V)R- UXPRQ*6XPPLW´SUHVHQWHG,WSURSRVHGWKDW³DQHWZRUNRI132V1*2VDQGYDULRXVFLYLOVRFLHW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR ZLVK WR ZRUN WRJHWKHU DQG GHPRQVWUDWH RXU DELOLW\ WR VKDSH WKH IX- ture of society both globally and here in Hokkaido” and “citizens express their opinions outside the G8 6XPPLW´ +RNNDLGR3HRSOH¶V)RUXPRQ*6XPPLW DVDPRYHPHQW¶VJRDO
7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG0D\th, 2010 in Sapporo.
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$ZLVKHVWRPDGHFRQYHUVDWLRQZLWKJRYHUQPHQWDFWRUVDQGVHFWRUVDQGRWKHUFLWL]HQJURXSVGXULQJWKH DFWLYLWLHVLQ6DSSRUR7KHLQIRUPDQW$SDUWLFLSDWHWKDWVKHVKDUHGWKHVDPHIUDPHWKDWZDVDPDVWHUIUDPH of the summit protest. This case could be explained by previous research.
Participants who do not share collective identity Diversity of participants in the activists group is noted. Some participants expressed reasons for their participation that is different from collective identity and shared frames. They are interested in consuming action repertoires and providing their skills and resources.
Activists are interested in repertoires-demonstration, camp, and media center 6RPHDFWLYLVWVGLGQRWV\PSDWKL]HZLWKPRYHPHQWV¶JRDOVDQGWKHPDVWHUIUDPHRIVXPPLWSURWHVW7KH\ ZHUHLQWHUHVWHGDQGMXVWDWWUDFWHGWRWKHGHPRQVWUDWLRQDSSHDODFWLRQVWKDWKDGYDULRXVVW\OHDQGDPXVLQJ forms. Summit protest is characterized by the diversity of repertoires, ranging from traditional demonstra- tion and forums to free performance like a carnival (Barr and Drury 2009). 7KHSDUWLFLSDQW$ZKRLVTXRWHGEHORZZDVLQYROYHGDFWLYLVWV¶FDPSRQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW6KHNQHZ WKHIUDPHRIWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWEXWGLGQRWVXSSRUWWKHPRYHPHQWV¶JRDO6KHLQVLVWHGWKDW³DQWLJOREDO- ism” and “alter-globalization” are not approachable issues for local residents activists. Informant A2 said: $ :KHQ,ZDWFKHGWKHGHPRQVWUDWLRQVRI:6) :RUOG6RFLDO)RUXP>QRWHGE\WKHZULWHU@ DQGDSURWHVWLQ6HDWWOH :72,ZDVGHHSO\DIIHFWHG,ZDVGHOLJKWHGDQGWKRXJKWWKDWLVYHU\HQMR\DEOH-XVWDV,ZDVWKLQNLQJRILQWURGXFLQJ such a foreign demonstration style, G8 summit arrived at Sapporo.4
Like A2, some activists regarded a summit protest as not a social movement or a protest, but a stage ZKHUHWKH\FRXOGSHUIRUPWKHLUUHSHUWRLUHVDQGVHWXSIDFLOLWLHVIRUDFWLYLVP HJGHPRQVWUDWLRQDFWLYLVW FDPSDQGPHGLDFHQWHU 7KHDFWLYLVWVLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWRIWHQPHQWLRQHGWKHLUIUXVWUDWLRQZLWKDFWLRQV taken place in Sapporo, Hokkaido. They took actions in Sapporo as “boring” and “old-fashioned”. In Sap- SRURDKDQGIXODFWLYLVWVRUJDQL]HPDQ\DFWLRQVWKDW¶VZK\PRVWDFWLRQVLQ6DSSRURKDYHVDPHIRUPE\ same activists. A Form of protests in Sapporo tends to homogenized. They regarded the summit protest as an urban and non-ordinary movement. ,QSDUWLFXODUPDQ\DFWLYLVWVZKRMRLQHG³WKH([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHHRI6DSSRURFDPSDQGLQIRFHQWHU´ DQG³*PHGLDQHWZRUN´KDYHWKLVUHDVRQRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWDPRQJWKHYDULRXVJURXSV ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQVDPHSURWHVW(DFKRIWKHJURXSVWKHDFWLYLVWV¶FDPSDQGPHGLDFHQWHUKDGLWVRZQ VSHFL¿FJRDOV ,QIRUPDQW$ZDVORFDODFWLYLVWVDQGMRLQHG³*PHGLDQHWZRUN´6KHZRUNVIXOOWLPHIRUWKHJURXS6KH played a primary role in constructing the media centers. She said: $ ,WLVDVDGWKDWZHGRQRWSURWHVWIRU*$OODFWLYLVWVLQ*FRXQWULHVPDNHPHGLDFHQWHUVZKHQ*VXPPLWFRQ- ferences are held in each country. We believe that Japanese activists should establish a media center for the summit SURWHVW3UREDEO\WKLVDWWHPSWZRXOGWDNHDORWRIFULWLFLVPV+RZHYHUZHWKLQNZHVKRXOGGRLW 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG$XJXVWth, 2010 in Sapporo.
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,QIRUPDQW$GLGQRWVXSSRUWWKHPRYHPHQW¶VPDVWHUIUDPHWKDWRWKHUVWXGLHVPDLQWDLQHG VKHGLGQRWVD\DQ\- WKLQJDERXW³DOWHUJOREDOL]DWLRQ´³JOREDOMXVWLFH´DQGZKLFKZHUHFRQFHUQHGRIVXPPLWSURWHVWV2IFRXUVHVKH DQGVRPHDFWLYLVWVGLGQRWGLVDJUHHZLWK³DQWLJOREDOL]DWLRQ´DQG³DQWLQHROLEHUDOLVP´+RZHYHUWKH\SDUWLFLSDWH LQVXPPLWSURWHVWZLWKWKHLUPRWLYDWLRQWKDWLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKH³PDVWHUIUDPH´DQG³FROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\´ $OWKRXJKWKH\GLGQRWV\PSDWKL]HZLWKWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDOWKH\VWURQJO\ZLVKHGIRUWKHVXFFHVVRIWKH *VXPPLWSURWHVW7KH\FRQWLQXHGWRVHWXSDQGRUJDQL]HWKHLURZQUHSHUWRLUHVZKLOH*VXPPLWFRQIHU- HQFHDQGWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZHUHLQKHOG$MRLQHG³WKH([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHHRI6DSSRURFDPSDQGLQIR FHQWHU´DQGJDYHKHUHIIRUWWRFRQVWUXFWWKHDFWLYLVW¶VFDPS$OLYHGUHJDUGOHVVRIDQ\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWV and she took part in G8 summit protest just for curiosity in a camp. She said: A4: Probably, many people spent a lot of resources to set up our camp. And they compromised their demand and ZLVKHVIRUDQDFWLYLVWFDPS:HZDQWHGWRH[SUHVVDQGDFKLHYHRXURZQLGHDOV+RZHYHUZHVKDUHGWKHSXUSRVHRI WKLVJURXS WKH([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHHRI6DSSRURFDPSDQGLQIRFHQWHU>QRWHGE\WKHZULWHU@ ,QHQMR\LQJWKHVXPPLW SURWHVWZHUHVWUDLQRXUVHOYHV,QMXVWDOPRVWSXUHO\HQMR\LQJWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZHDOPRVWFRPSURPLVHGHDFKLGHDO
,QKHUFRQIHVVLRQWKHUHLVQRVFKHPDUHFHQWUHVHDUFKVKRZHGIRUH[DPSOH³DJDLQVWQHROLEHUDOJOREDO- L]DWLRQ´DQG³JOREDOMXVWLFH´,IWKHUHZDVDQ\WKLQJVKHDUJXHGLWZDVWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDO³WRHQMR\WKH camp”. In the protest, to take part in repertoires involved feelings.
Activists are interested in providing their skill for activism-speaking foreign language, playing the music, and cooking $QRWKHUVLPLODULQVWDQFHVRPHDFWLYLVWVLQYROYHGLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZHUHPRWLYDWHGE\DIHDWXUHRI summit protests. They had similar, but different reason of participation like A2 and A3. Their motivation IRUWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZDVEDVHGRQDQDPELJXRXVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIVXPPLWSURWHVWV $DQG$WRRNSDUWLQELJVWUHHWGHPRQVWUDWLRQ³3HDFH:DON´ZKLFKLQFOXGHGDERXWSDUWLFL- SDQWV:KLOHGHPRQVWUDWLRQZDVJRLQJRQWKH\GURYHDEDQDQGSOD\HGUHFRUGHGPXVLFDPRQJWKHFURZG 7KHIROORZLQJLVZKDWWKH\VDLGWKHWULJJHUWKDWWKH\SDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHSURWHVW $ ,ORYHPXVLFLDQVZKRRSSRVHGWKHUHJLPHVLPSO\$FWXDOO\,KDYHQHYHUEHHQHQJDJHGLQVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVXQWLO ,KHDUGQHZVRIKROGLQJWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWLQ6DSSRUR $ ,ZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQSROLWLFVXQGHUWKH.RL]XPLUHJLPH1HHGOHVVWRVD\,KDYHORYHGPXVLFVLQFH,ZDVDFKLOG, QRWLFHGWKDWPXVLFKDYHKHDY\UHODWLRQVZLWKSROLWLFVLQODWHUOLIH%XW,GLGQRWEHJLQVSHFL¿FSROLWLFDODFWLYLWLHVWKHQ ,ZDVDE\VWDQGHU:KHQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZDVKHOGLQ6DSSRURP\SDUWQHULQYLWHGPHWRLW,WZDVDFHUWDLQRSSRU- tunity that I changed from being “bystander” to being “participant”.
They did not have strong motivation to participate in the summit protest. At least, their participation GLGQRWUHODWHZLWKWKHPDVWHUIUDPHDQGWKHJRDORIWKHPRYHPHQW:K\GLGWKH\SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHVXPPLW SURWHVW":K\GLGWKH\QRWWDNHSDUWLQRWKHUSURWHVWV",WZDVEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHLUVSHFLDO VNLOOVIURPZKDWWKHPRYHPHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQUHTXLUHG$DQG$DFWHGDVDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQV7KH\KHDUG KROGLQJRIWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWIURPRWKHU-DSDQHVHPXVLFLDQVDQGWRRNSDUWLQLW7KH\EHFDPHDZDUHRIWKH RSSRUWXQLW\RIWDNLQJSDUWLQWKHSURWHVWZLWKWKHLUPXVLFVNLOO7KH\FRQIHVVHGWKDWWKH\GLGQRWNQRZWKH JRDOVRI*VXPPLWSURWHVW7KH\DYRXFKWKHPVHOYHVDV³ÀLSSDQWSDUWLFLSDQWV´DQG³LJQRUDQWDFWLYLVWV´
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$OWKRXJKWKH\ZHUHMXVW³ÀLSSDQW´DQG³LJQRUDQW´SDUWLFLSDWLRQWKH\FRQWULEXWHGPXFKDQGZRUNHGKDUG IRUVXFFHVVRIGHPRQVWUDWLRQ7KHLUZRUNVUDQJHGLQYDULRXVDUHDVIRUH[DPSOHSURYLGLQJDXGLRHTXLS- ments, invitation guests for parties, and so on. A6 and A5 had prepared demonstration at a summit protest IRUDERXWD\HDUZKLOHEXV\LQXVXDOOLIH:LWKRXWWKHP³3HDFH:DON´PLJKWQRWKDYHEHHQDFFRP- plished. 7KHRWKHUSHRSOHDOVRMRLQHGWRWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWEHFDXVHWKHLUVNLOO7KH\DOVRGLGQRWNQRZWKHJRDOV and share collective identity of the summit protest like A6 and A5. A7 and his partner also took part in DFWLYLVWV¶FDPSRIWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW7KH\KDGQHYHUEHHQLQYROYHGLQVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV+RZHYHUWKH\ ZHUHLQYLWHGLQMRLQE\RWKHUSHRSOHEHFDXVHWKH\FRXOGFRRNYHJDQIRRG$VDLG ,QW 7KLVDFWLYLVWV¶FDPSKDGDSXUSRVHWKDWLV³GLVVHQW*VXPPLW´'R\RXNQRZZKDWWKLVSXUSRVHLV"+DYH\RXHYHU GRQHRWKHUVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV" $ 1R,KDGQRWGRQHDQ\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWXQWLO,WDNHSDUWLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW+RZHYHU,OHDUQHGDV\VWHPRIFDSLWDO- ism and market fundamentalism from other participants at the summit protest. My thoughts changed, sparked by this event.5
$DQGKLVSDUWQHUDOVRVDLGWKDWWKH\GLGQRWNQRZWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDO7KH\ZRUNHGZLWKRWKHUSDU- ticipants together and studied shared values of the global justice movement in the process. In the course of WKHLUSUHSDUDWLRQ$DQGKLVSDUWQHUEHFDPHHVVHQWLDOSHUVRQVWRRUJDQL]HDQDFWLYLVW¶VFDPS)XUWKHUPRUH KHVDLGWKDW³,PDGHIULHQGZLWKIRUHLJQDFWLYLVWVHDVLO\DQGIDPLOLDUO\E\KDYLQJDFRRNLQJVNLOO´+LVSDU- WLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZDVEHFDXVHPDLQO\KLVFRRNLQJVNLOO+LVVNLOOZDVWKHPDLQIDFWRURIKLV participation and important contribution to the camp. $ZDVLQYROYHGWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZLWKRXWH[SHULHQFHRIHQJDJLQJDQ\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWV+HWRRN SDUWLQ³&LWL]HQ¶V6XPPLW´E\³+RNNDLGR3HRSOH¶V)RUXPRQ*6XPPLW´7KLVFDVHLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKH cases as mentioned above. He did not prepare and organize any repertoires of the summit protests, but he ZDVLQYROYHGWKHIRUXPDFWLYHO\+HVDLG $ ,KHDUGWKHQHZVIURPRWKHUSHUVRQLQXQLYHUVLW\«,KHDUGWKDWPDQ\IRUHLJQSHRSOHZRXOGFRPHWRWKLVFRQIHUHQFH ,ZDQWHGWRSUDFWLFH(QJOLVKFRQYHUVDWLRQDQGWRWDONZLWK1*2PHPEHUV,ZDQWHGWRKDYHXQRUGLQDU\H[SHULHQFH0\ colleague told that South-African and Puerto Rican people gathered in this conference. I could not meet such people during usual life.6
+HSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZLWKRXWVKDULQJWKHPDVWHUIUDPHDQGWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDO+H ZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQ³SUDFWLFLQJ(QJOLVKFRQYHUVDWLRQ´DQG³FRPPXQLFDWLQJZLWK1*2PHPEHUV´+HWULHG neither talking about issues on global politics and problems of G8 summit nor proposing the course of ac- WLRQRIFLYLOVRFLHW\+HZDVLQYROYHGLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWE\KLVDLPWRGHYHORSKLV(QJOLVKVNLOO 7KHSHRSOHZKRKDGVSHFLDOVNLOOVZHUHLQYROYHGLQWKHPRYHPHQWEHFDXVHRWKHUSDUWLFLSDQWVUHTXLUHG WKHLUVNLOOWRFRQVWLWXWHWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW6XFKSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVPRUHVLPLODUZLWKWDNLQJSDUWPRUHLQIHV- WLYDOVDQGURFNFRQFHUWVWKDQLQVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV+RZHYHUWKH\FKRRVHWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWDQGLWZDVD good opportunity for them to begin other political activities. 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG0D\th, 2010 in Sapporo. 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG'HFHPEHUth, 2010 in Tokyo.
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&ROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\RI/RFDO3DUWLFLSDQWVʊʊGLIIHUHQWIURP³WKHJRDO of movement” As discussed, there are some participation patterns in the summit protest. Their participation is divided LQWRWZRFDWHJRULHV7KHRQHLVWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVVKDUHGPDVWHUIUDPHVRUJDQL]DWLRQVSUHVHQWHG7KHRWKHU RQHLVZKLFKSDUWLFLSDQWVGLGQRWVKDUHPDVWHUIUDPHVRIWKHPRYHPHQW,QWKHODWWHUFDWHJRU\RISDUWLFL- pants, they regarded the summit protest as “an enjoyable stage of performing” or “an event of providing WKHLUVNLOO´+RZHYHUZK\GLGVXFKSDUWLFLSDWLRQRFFXU")RUVXFKSDUWLFLSDQWVZKDWZDVWKHVXPPLWSUR- WHVW":KDWGLGWKH\VHHNLQWKHDQWL*DFWLYLVP"3HUKDSVPRUHLPSRUWDQW³,QWKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZKDW IDFWRUVDWWUDFWHGSHRSOHZKRGLGQRWVKDUHWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDODQGFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\"´ 7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVZKRGLGQRWV\PSDWKL]HZLWKWKHPRYHPHQW¶VJRDOVVKRZHGDFRPPRQIHDWXUH7KH\ HPSKDVL]HGWKHWHGLRXVQHVVRI6DSSRURFLW\DQGWKHLUXVXDOOLIH7KH\ZHUHERUHGZLWKWKHLUXVXDOOLIHLQ 6DSSRUR DQG +RNNDLGR 7KH\ UHJDUGHG 6DSSRUR DV UXUDO DUHD ZKHUH WKHUH ZDV QRW DQ\ RSSRUWXQLWLHV 6RPHDFWLYLVWVKDGWHGLRXVIHHOLQJDQGIUXVWUDWLRQIRU6DSSRURFLW\$WRRNSDUWLQ³&LWL]HQ¶V6XPPLW´ZLWK an aim to develop English skill. He said: ,QW +DYH\RXHYHUGRQHVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVRUEHORQJHGWR1*2" $ 1RWKHUHZHUHIHZVWXGHQWJURXSVLQ6DSSRURDQG,ZDVQRWMRLQHGLQVXFKJURXSVDQGHQJDJHGLQDQ\VRFLDO PRYHPHQWV,KHDUGVRPHVWXGHQWJURXSVH[LVWHGLQ6DSSRUREXW,KDGZDQWHGWRWDONZLWKIRUHLJQFLWL]HQJURXSV2Q WKHH[LVWHGJURXSV,FRXOGQRWGRDFWLYLWLHV,KDGZDQWHGWRGR7
)RU$WKHVXPPLWSURWHVWZDVDVSHFLDORSSRUWXQLW\WKDWLQWHUDFWHGZLWKSHRSOHZKRKHKDGQHYHUPHW and conversed in usual life. The local residents said about their “boring” experiences in various respects. A5 FDUULHGRXW³3HDFH:DON´ZLWKKLVPXVLFVNLOO+HVDLGKLVIUXVWUDWLRQDERXWVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVLQ6DSSRUR ,QW +DYH\RXHYHUGRQHDQ\VRFLDOPRYHPHQWRUEHORQJHGWR1*2" $ 1R:HFRXOGQRWWDNHSDUWLQVXFKDFWLYLWLHV,Q6DSSRURDOPRVWDFWLRQVZHUHROGIDVKLRQHGEHFDXVHWUDGLWLRQDO DFWLYLVWVRUJDQL]HGWKHP+RZHYHUDWWKHVDPHSHULRGVRPHSURWHVWHUVZHUHHQJDJHGLQLQWHUHVWLQJDFWLYLWLHVZLWK novel costumes in Tokyo.8
$UHJDUGHGSURWHVWVLQ7RN\RDVDPXVLQJDFWLYLWLHVZLWKQRYHOFRVWXPHV&RPSDUHGZLWKVXFKSURWHVWV in Tokyo, protests in Sapporo had “old-fashioned” and “traditional” styles, He said. For A5, the anti-G8 PRYHPHQWZDVDQLPSRUWDQWRSSRUWXQLW\WKDWKHFRXOGHQMR\XUEDQDQGQRYHOVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV,QWKH SURFHVVRIVHWWLQJXSWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW$ZHQWWR7RN\RDQGPDGHIULHQGZLWKVRPHDFWLYLVWVLQRWKHU DUHDDQGKHZDVGHHSO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHP $DOVRH[SUHVVHGDFRPSODLQWRISROLWLFDODFWLYLWLHVLQ6DSSRUR6KHKDGDIUXVWUDWLRQDERXWWKHUHZHUH QRRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRSUDFWLFHUHSHUWRLUHVVKHZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQ6KHWDONHGDERXWVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVLQ6DS- poro before the anti-G8 protest occurred. $ ,DJUHHGZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOSURWHVWHU¶VRSLQLRQV)RUH[DPSOH,KDGDSRVLWLRQDJDLQVWZDUDQGDGPLWWHGDQLPSRU- 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG0D\th, 2010 in Sapporo. 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG$XJXVWth, 2010 in Sapporo.
From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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$ DOVRGLGQRWNQRZDERXWVXPPLWSURWHVWVDQGLVVXHVRIJOREDOMXVWLFHPRYHPHQWVWKHQ+RZHYHUKH EHJDQDQGFRQWLQXHGWRFRQVWLWXWHDQGRUJDQL]HWKHDFWLYLVWV¶FDPS2QHRIWKHUHDVRQVRILWLWVUHSHUWRLUHV ZDVYHU\IDVFLQDWLQJIRUKLP,QKLVFDVHSDUWLFLSDWLRQZDVQRWEDVHGRQFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\DQGPDVWHU frames. Some activists considered the issues of “alter-globalization” and “global justice” as remotely related ZLWKWKHUHVLGHQW¶VOLIHLQ6DSSRUR'HVSLWHWKHLUFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRPHORFDOUHVLGHQWVWRRNSDUWLQWKHVXP- PLWSURWHVW7KH\MRLQHGWRLWZLWKWKHLUH[SHULHQFHLQWKHLUKRPHWRZQ6DSSRUR7KHDJHQGDRI*VXPPLW FRQIHUHQFHZHUHQRWUHODWHGWRORFDOUHVLGHQWVDQGVLPLODUO\WKHJRDOVDQGSXUSRVHVRIWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW KDGDOVRQRWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHDUHDZKHUHWKHSURWHVWZDVRFFXUUHG1HYHUWKHOHVVUHVLGHQWVZHUHLQYROYHG in the summit protest. Instead of concerns about issues and problems of the movement, they took part in it ZLWKWKHLUH[SHULHQFHLQKRPHWRZQ 7KH\KDGWHGLRXVQHVVDQGERULQJIRUWKHLUKRPHWRZQ+RZHYHUWKH\EHJDQWRFKDQJHWKHLUUHFRJQLWLRQ LPSUHVVLRQDQGIHHOLQJIRUKRPHWRZQDVWKH\FRQVWLWXWHGDQGSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVXPPLWSURWHVW A3 moved from Sapporo to Tokyo after took part in the summit protest. Actually she got “special” ex- SHULHQFHVLQKHUOLIHLQ7RN\R2QWKHRWKHUKDQGVKHVKRZHGKHUORYHKHUKRPHWRZQ6DSSRUR6KHVDLG $ ,DOZD\VKRSHWRJREDFNWR6DSSRUR«,KDGOLYHGLQ6DSSRURIRUDERXW\HDUV0\OLIHVW\OH¿WVLQWRP\KRPH- WRZQLQHYHU\UHVSHFW&RPSDUHGZLWK6DSSRURDVW\OHRIPRYHPHQWVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKIULHQGVDQGDVFDOHRIFLW\ DUHTXLWHGLIIHUHQWIURPLQ7RN\R7KHUHIRUH,DOZD\VZDQWWRUHWXUQWR6DSSRUREXW,ZDQWWRDEDQGRQDEDFNZDUG ORRNLQJZD\RIWKLQNLQJ11
7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG$XJXVWth, 2010 in Sapporo. 10 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG0D\th, 2010 in Bibai, Hokkaido. 11 7KLVLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHG$SULOth, 2010 in Tokyo.
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IDENTITY AND PERFORMATIVITY
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From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization.
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