Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Ishingiye ku mabwiriza yamamaza iterambera ry'ubuhinzi burambye Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN)
Gushimira Iyi Mfashanyigisho yanditswe hakoreshejwe inkunga y'amafaranga y' Ikigo cy'Ubwongereza Gishinzwe Iterambere Mpuzamahanga - Department for International Development (DFID), Food Retail Industry Challenge Fund (FRICH) na Taylors of Harrogate.
Ikigitabo kandi cyanditswe ku bufatanye n'inkunga byo mu rwego rwa tekiniki twatewe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza imbere Ubucuruzi bw'Umusaruro w'Ubuhinzi mu mahanga (NAEB), Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (RAB), Kompanyi yo Gutunganya no Guteza imbere ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'Ubucuruzi bwa Kawa Companie pour Organisation et la Promotion des Activités Café (COOPAC) na KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Imfashanyigisho yanditswe na: Reiko Enomoto, Training Manager, Sustainable Agriculture Division, Rainforest Alliance Abafashije mu rwego tekiniki: Jean Marie Irakabaho, Rwanda National Coordinator, Rainforest Alliance Winnie Mwaniki, East Africa Regional Manager, Rainforest Alliance Marc Monsarrat, Senior Manager (East Africa & South Asia), Rainforest Alliance Simon Martin Mvuyekure, Head of Coffee Program, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) Jean Marie Sabato, Certification Project Coordinator, Coopac Ltd. Emmanuel Rwakagara Nzungize, President, Coopac Ltd. Gilbert Gatali, Managing Director, KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd. Célestin M. Gatarayiha, Head of Coffee Division, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB) Pierre Claver Gahakwa, Director of Certification, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB) Mario Serracin, Rogers Family Company Amafoto yafashwe na: Reiko Enomoto, Rainforest Alliance * Ndashimira by'umwihariko abahinzi bemeye kumfasha babikuye ku mutima mu myitozo-ngiro yakorewe mu mirima yabo kugira ngo nshobore gufata amafoto yakoreshejwe muri iyi mfashanyigisho.
© 2011 Rainforest Alliance All rights reserved
Intangiriro
Umutwe wa 1: Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda Umutwe wa 2: Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4: Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5: Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6: Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7: Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8: Imitunganyirize y'isambu
1
Intangiriro
Intangiriro
kugira ngo tugere ku buhinzi burambye Kawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi muri Afurika gikomokaho umusaruro woherezwa mu mahanga kandi ikaba ari ikintu abahinzi baciriritse batagira ingano bakomoraho amafaranga. Nyara ariko, mu gihe haba hakoreshwa uburyo butanoze mu mitunganyirize ya kawa, byazangiza ibidukikije, bikangiza amazi cyangwa ubutaka bityo bikanangiza n'ubuzima bw'abahinzi baciriritse. Ibintu kandi bikomeje bityo ntabwo umusaruro wa kawa wakwizerwa kuboneka ku gihe kirekire.
Imikorere mibi
Imikorere myiza
Mu rwego rwo gutuma umusaruro wa kawa uboneka ku buryo buhoraho mu bihe biri imbere, tugomba gushyira hamwe mu guteza imbere ku rwego rw'umuhinzi uciriritse uburyo bw'imihingire bwatuma haboneka umusaruro mu burambye. Ni ngombwa ko buri muhinzi yumva ko gukora hagamijwe umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye ari inshingano ye. Ni gute abahinzi ba kawa baciriritse bakora kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye? yi “Mfashanyigisho ku gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa” irerekana tekiniki zigamije ubuhinzi burambye zumvikana kandi zoroheje gushyira mu bikorwa mu mirima ya kawa y'abahinzi baciriritse bo mu bihugu by'Afurika. Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho bishingiye ku “Amabwiriza y'Ubuhinzi Burambye” yatangajwe muri Nyakanga 2010 n'Urugaga Rugamije Ubuhinzi Burambye. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo inzego z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Iyi ni inyandiko y'ibanze ku muhinzi wifuza kubona icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance.
2
Intangiriro
Ibisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe icyemezo Kugira ngo uhabwe icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance, dore nibura ibyo ugomba kuba wuzuje. 1. Kuzuza ku kigero cya 80% ibisabwa byose. (Muri rusange hari ibintu 99 bigomba kuzuzwa.) 2. Kubahiriza ku kigero cya 50% buri hame (Hari amahame 10 agomba kubahirizwa.) 3. Kuzuza ibisabwa by'ingenzi byose (Hari ibintu by'ingenzi 15 bigomba kuzuzwa.) Byinshi mu bigomba kuzuzwa ntabwo bisabwa abahinzi baciriritse. Muri iyi mfashanyigisho, turibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi bireba abahinzi baciriritse. Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko iyi mfashanyigisho idakubiyemo ibisabwa byose cyangwa amahame yose akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye, kandi nta n'ubwo ikubiyemo ibisabwa ku bahinzi bafite imirima minini.
Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho Iyi mfashanyigisho igizwe n'imitwe 8 ikurikira, buri mutwe ukaba urebana n'ihame mu mahame akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye.
Umutwe wa 1: Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Page 4
Umutwe wa 2: Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4: Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5: Kubungabunga ubutaka
Page 9
Umutwe wa 6: Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7: Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Page 11
Page 15
Page 18
Umutwe wa 8: Imitunganyirize y'isambu
Page 21
Page 26
Page 27
3
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko
Isomo rya 1
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara. Ibiti by'ikawa byitaweho kandi bimeze neza ntibishobora gufatwa n'udukoko n'indwara ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo bigifatwa n'udukoko n'indwara, hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kubirwanya bitabaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti mvaruganda. Muri iki gice, mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurwanya no gukumira udukoko n'indwara mu buryo burambye.
Gukoresha ifumbire y'imborera Kufumbira neza igihingwa ni ingenzi mu kugira ngo ibiti bigire ubuma buzira umuze, bibe bishobora kurinda indwara n'ibyonyi. Uburyo bwiza bwo kugeza ibyunyunyu ku gihingwa cya kawa n'ugukoresha ifumbire. Ugomba gukoresha ibiro bitanu (5kg) buri mwaka ku giti gito, n'ibiro bigera kuri cumi (10kg) by'ifumbire y'imborera buri mwaka ku giti gisarurwa. Kinyarwanda: Ifumbire y'imborera ivuye mu bishishwa by kawa ishobora kuboneka ku ruganda rw'ikawa. Ushobora no kwitunganiriza ifumbire y'imborera ukoresheje imyanda n'ibishingwe. Ibiro 7-10 by'imborera ku giti
Igihe mukoresha ifumbire y'imborera, mujye muyishyira iruhande rw'igihimba atari ku gihimba neza. Kuyishyira ku gihimba bituma igiti kitabasha gufata ibigitunga uko bikwiye. Mugomba gushyira ifumbire mu nsi y'ibibabi by'igiti ari naho haba haherereye imizi ikigaburira.
Nyuma yo gufumbiza ifumbire y'imborera, mugomba gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka cyangwa amababi. Iyo ifumbire igerwaho n'umuyaga cyangwa imvura, ibitunga ibimera bitwarwa n'umwuka cyangwa bigatembanwa n'imvura. Iyo mutwikiriye ifumbire y'imborera, muba muzi neza ko igiti kizatungwa n'ibiri muri iyo fumbire.
4
Kwicira ni ingenzi kuko bituma imyaka duhinga imera neza kandi igatanga umusaruro. Iyo amashami yapfuye akiri ku biti aba ariho udukoko n'indwara kandi bishobora no gufata amashami mazima. Amashami ashaje atakera urubuto na rumwe atungwa n'ibyagatunze igiti ari na byo bituma igiti kigira ingufu nke. Amashami yapfuye kandi atagitanga umusaruro agomba kuvanwa ku giti.
Kuvanaho amashami yumye
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko
Kwicira
Kuvanaho amashami ahengamye kandi atagitanga umusaruro
Ibisambo n'amashami ya kabiri nabyo byangize ibyunyunyu biva ku giti kandi bigatuma mu mashami y'igiti haba nk'igihuru, ibi noneho bigatuma indwara n'ibyonyi byiyongera. Gukata ibyo bisambo n'amashami ya kabiri bifasha kongera umuyaga unyura mu mashami y'igiti, imirasire y'izuba igashobora kugeramo, kandi ibi ni ingezi kugirango igiti kirabye.
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku giti ca kawa
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku mashami y'igiti ca kawa
Kuvanaho amashami yameze ku yandi mashami
5
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko
Gukuraho ibitumbwe byasigayeho ku isarura riheruka Nyuma yo gusarura, ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe bya kawa biba byarasigaye ku giti. Iyo birekewe ku biti bitera udukoko n'indwara bitandukanye, ndetse utu dukoko n'indwara biguma mu murima wanyu ndetse bikazanduza ibitumbwe bishya byo ku isarura rikurikiyeho.
Ibitumbwe bishaje byasigaye ku giti
Kuvanaho ibitumbwe bishaje
Kubiza ibitumbwe bishaje mu maze ashushe kugira ngo indwara n'ibyonyi birimwo bipfe
Kugira ngo udukoko n'indwara biri mu murima bivemo ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe byasigaye ku biti, mukabiteka mu mazi ashyushye, maze mukabitaba mu butaka. Ibi bituma mwizera ko udukoko n'indwara byari ku bitumbwe bitazaguma mu murima kandi ntibigire ingaruka ku musaruro wanyu w'umwaka utaha. Guhamba bya bitumbwe byabijijwe
6
Gukoresha piretere Icyitonderwa: iyo uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda kandi wohereza umusaruro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, iki gice ntikikureba. Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko
Piretere ni izina ry'umutobe ukomoka ku rurabo rwitwa “African Chrysanthemum” ukaba ukoreshwa nk'umuti kamere wica udukoko. Iyo "African Chrysanthemum” itewe mu misozi miremire nko mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda bituma umutobe wayo uba ufite ubukana bwinshi. Indabo zitunganyirizwa mu ruganda rwo mu Rwanda.
Umuti wica udukoko w'umwimerere ukozwe mu bireti
“African Chrysanthemum”
Mililitiro 45 z'uwu muti ukozwe mu bireti zivangwa na litiro 15 z'amazi (ni ku rugero rwa pompe itera umuti yuzuye amazi). Ushobora gupima mililitiro 45 mu kuzuza agafundikizo k'agacupa kavamwo uwo muti inshuro ebyiri.
Iyo umupfundikizo wuzuye neza biba bihwanye na 20ml. Applying Pyrethrum
Agakoko gato kitwa “Antestia” gatuma kawa yumvikanamo umuhumuro nk'uw'ibirayi, gatera amagi yako mu nsi y'ibibabi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iyo dutera umuti wo kwica “Antestia” tugomba kuwutera duhereye munsi y'ibibabi.
Agasurira
Gutera umuti uturutse musi y'amababi
Amagi y'agasurira musi y'amababi
7
Umutego w'udukoko Icyitonderwa: Niba uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, iki gice ntikikureba
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko
Imitego y'udukoko hakoreshejwe feromone ni uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda cyangwa kurwanya Agakoko gafata imbuto z'ikawa kitwa “Coffee Berry Borer”. Iyo mukoresha imitego y'udukoko mugomba gutega umutego umwe kuri buri biti by'ikawa 100. Umutego w'udukoko ukozwe mu ducupa twa plasitike
Umutego w'udukoko urimwo impumuro ikurura udukoko
Iyo imitego y'udukoko itaboneka ku buryo bworoshye, mushobora gukora imitego y'udukoko mukoresheje amacupa ya palasitiki. Udukoko dufata imbuto z'ikawa dukururwa n'amabara y'umutuku; kubera iyo mpamvu ni byiza gusiga imitego amabara y'umutuku.
Igihe dukoresha ubu buryo bwose butandukanye bwo kurwanya udukoko, bituma ibiti bya kawa zacu bikomera kandi bigahorana ubuzima bwiza, bityo tukabirinda indwara n'udukoko bitabaye ngombwa ko dukoresha imiti mvaruganda.
8
Umutwe wa 2
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda Icyitonderwa: Mugihe ukora ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere (agriculture biologique), iki gice ntikikureba.
Imyenda irinda umuntu guhura n'imiti Iyo ugomba gutera umuti, usabwa kwambara imyenda umubiri wose ukikwiza. Iyo myenda iba igizwe n'ingofero, amadarubindi, masike iyungurura umuti, imyenda y'amaboko maremare, ipantalo ndende, uturindantoki na bote. Nta gice cy'umubiri umuti ugomba kugeraho.
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Ni byiza kudatera kawa zacu imiti mvaruganda ahubwo tugakoresha ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya indwara n'udukoko muri kawa. Nyamara igihe mugomba gutera imiti, cyangwa gufata imiti, mugomba kurinda umubiri wanyu kugira ngo utangizwa n'iyo miti.
Ni ngombwa ko wambara masike iyungurura umuti aho kwiyambarira masike isanzwe yo kwirinda ivumbi. Masike yo kwirinda ivumbi ntikurinda imiti ihumanya.
Masike ikinga ivumbi
Masike igukingira imiti mva ruganda
Masike ikinga ivumbi
Icyitonderwa: Kwambara ibya bugenewe bigukingira n'ingingo y'ingenzi cyane.
Mu gihe utera umuti mva ruganda, ni ngombwa ko wambara udukingirantoke “gants”. Wirinde gukora ku miti mva ruganda n'amaboko yawe utikingiye.
9
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Kubika neza imiti mvaruganda
Imiti mva ruganda mu gikoni
Iyo ubitse igikombe cy'umuti mu nzu urugero nko mu ruganiriro, mu gikoni, cyangwa mu cyumba cyo kuryamamo, abana bawe bashobora kuwubona bagakeka ko ari icyo kunywa. Ni ngombwa kwirinda ko twakwicuza baramutse bawunyweye.
Imiti mva ruganda musi y'igitanda
Imiti igomba kubikwa ahantu hatari mu nzu kandi hiherereye ku buryo abana badashobora kuhagera. Ububiko bw'imiti bugomba gufungwa kandi aho iri hagomba kuba hari ikimenyetso kiburira abantu. Ububiko bugomba kuba busakaye kuburyo imvura itageramwo. Ibyo imiti iteretseho (“etagere”) bigomba kuba bikozwe muryo bidafata imiti.
Uruzitiro rukomeye Iyo urimo gutera imiti mu ikawa, ugomba kubakira igipimo cyawe cya kawa uruzitiro rukomeye kugira ngo imiti iva mu gipimo cyawe idahumanya abantu batuye hafi yacyo cyangwa abantu barimo kugenda mu mihanda yegereye igipimo cyawe cya kawa.
10
Uruzitiro hagati y'umurima n'inzu
Isomo rya 3
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima Niba umurima wanyu wegereye ibidukikije nk'ishyamba, igishanga, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, mugomba gukora uko ushoboye kose mukabibungabunga neza. Mugomba gukora ku buryo nta muntu ubyangiza. Umurima wanyu wa kawa ubwawo ushobora guhinduka ibidukikije igihe muhanga uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bw'amashyamba arimo ibihingwa bitandukanye haterwa ibiti bitanga igicucu. Muri uyu mutwe, muraza kureba uburyo mwabungabunga ibidukikije biri mu murima wanyu cyangwa iruhande rwawo.
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Kudatema ibiti Iyo hari ibidukikije ibyo ari byo byose nk'urugero ishyamba, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, biri mu murima wawe cyangwa iruhande rwawo, ubwo buso bugomba gufatwa nk'ububungabunzwe. Mu buso bubungabunzwe, gutema ibiti cyangwa gutera imyaka ntibyemewe.
Icyitonderwa: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima ni ibwiriza ry'ingenzi cyane
Gukoresha rondereza Mukeneye inkwi zo gutekesha ariko mushobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'inkwi mukoresha imbabura irondereza inkwi. Umuriro w'amashyiga utwara inkwi nyinshi kandi uteka ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi. Imbabura irondereza ingufu igira ubushyuhe bukomoka ku nkwi kandi iteka neza. Umutetsi ntabwo ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi. Iyo dutema ibiti dushaka inkwi cyangwa kubera izindi mpamvu zitandukanye, twakagombye no guhita dutera umubare w'ibiti ungana n'uw'ibiti twatemye.
11
Ibiti bitanga igicucu Mushobora gutekereza ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bicuranwa ibibitunga n'ibiti bya kawa bityo bikaba byatuma habaho umusaruro muke. Nyamara ibi ntabwo ari byo kubera ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bigira akamaro kenshi mu gihe kirekire bikaba byatuma kawa yawe itanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Iyo mutemye ibiti byose bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, cyangwa ntimutere igiti gitanga igicucu na kimwe, umusaruro wanyu ushobora kuba mwiza mu myaka mike ya mbere, ariko ntibishobora gukomeza gutyo igihe kirekire.
Umurima utagira igiti na kimwe gitanga igicucu
Iyo ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka bihura n'imirasire y'izuba birananirwa maze umusaruro ugatangira kuba muke. Uretse igihe hakoreshejwe ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda byagorana gukomeza kubona umusaruro ungana mu gihe kirekire. Gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote bishobora gutuma ubutaka bubamo ubusharire kandi bigatuma umusaruro wa kawa ugabanuka.
Kugira ngo ibiti bitanga igicucu bigirire akamaro ibiti bya kawa, mugomba kubicunga neza. Iyo ibiti bitanga igicucu bidakonowe kandi bigakura cyane, igicucu cyinshi cyane bitanga kibangamira kawa. Ni ngombwa gukonora ibiti bitanga igicucu mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo mukomeze mugire igicucu gikenewe mu gipimo cyanyu. Ibiti bitanga igicucu iyo byitaweho neza bigira inyungu zikurikira Bituma ibiti bya kawa bidahura n'imirasire ikaze y'izuba. Bituma mu butaka habamo ubukonje bityo biganatuma ubutaka buhora buhehereye. Igipimo kirimo ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu Imizi yabyo irwanya isuri Ibibabi byahanutse n'amashami yakaswe bitunga ibimera biri ku butaka. Bituma ikirere cy'aho umurima uherereye kidahindagurika kandi birinda ibiti bya kawa guhura n'ibihe by'impeshyi n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibiti bimwe na bimwe, nk'urugero “Calliandra”, ni ibinyamisogwe kandi ishyira nitorojene mu butaka. Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto n'imbaho nk'umusaruro w'inyongera ubyara amafaranga. Bitewe no kurinda ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka, umusaruro uriyongera kandi ugahora ari mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
12
Ibiti bitanga igicucu bigomba guterwa kuri 6m X 6m. Ntibigomba guterwa byegeranye hirengangijwe ibi bipimo bivugwa hejuru. Niba mudafite ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, mutangire mubitere buri gihembwe kugeza igihe mugize umubare w'ibiti usabwa.
Leuceana Markhamia Calliandra Alnus Inga Ficus/Umuvumu Polycias fulva/Umwungo Cordina Africana Maesopsis
Birabujijwe gutera ibiti bidasanzwe nk'inturusu ugamije igicucu cyayo mu murima wanyu wa kawa. Inturusu ibangamira ikawa n'indi myaka.
Markhamia
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Ibiti byemewe ko bitanga igicucu
Ibi biti biri kuri lisiti haruguru, ni ibiti gakondo cyanwa byaturutse muri Africa. Bishobora guhingwa mu murima wa kawa atakibazo.
Calliandra
Inga (Payipayi)
Alnus
Leuceana
13
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Polycias fulva / Umwungo
Umuvumu
Umuhumuro
Ibiti bya Makadamiya bishobora kuvangwa na kawa. Nyamara ariko ibindi biti by'imbuto nk'umwembe, avoka, itsina n'ipapayi ntibiremezwa ko bishobora kuvangwa na kawa mu Rwanda.
Cordia Africana
14
Umutwe wa 4
Kubungabunga amazi Amazi ni ingenzi mu buzima. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse yanduye, byagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwanyu no ku buzima bw'amatungo yanyu. Amafi yatangira gucika. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse ikamye, ubuzima bwanyu n'ubw'amatungo yanyu ntibishobora kuramba. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kureba uko mwabungabunga amazi.
Nyuma yo gutera imiti, ntimugomba koza ibikoresho mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi. Imiti ihumanya amazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi; urugero: amafi. Igihe mwoza ibikoresho byanyu mu migezi, muba mwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ubw'inyamaswa kandi bishobora gutuma n'amafi acika.
Amazi yakoreshejwe mu koza ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti agomba gusukwa mu cyobo cyuzuye amakara. Amakara asukura amazi yanduye.
Kubungabunga amazi
Koza ibikoresho
Amazi y'imyanda yo mu rugo Iyo mumesera imyenda mukanogereza amasahani mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi, isabune na omo bihumanya amazi. Mujye mucukura icyobo kiriho amabuye kugira ngo mwirinde kumena amazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye mu migezi.
15
Inturusu ziri hafi y'utugezi Inturusu ntabwo ari igiti gikomoka muri Afurika kandi mbere na mbere yatewe mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibihe by'izuba. Ku bw'ibyo, iyo iteye hafi y'umugezi, yitwarira amazi ku buryo wa mugezi ushobora gukama. Mugomba kwitondera gutera inturusu kandi ntizigomba guterwa hafi y'imigezi. Iyo muretse ibiti by'inturusu biri hafi y'umugezi, mushobora gutakaza wa mugezi mu gihe kizaza ugakama. Kugira ngo murinde imigezi, mugomba kurimbura inturusu ziteye hafi y'imigezi. Ibi byatuma mwizera ko muzakomeza kubona amazi mu migezi mu gihe kiri imbere.
Kubungabunga amazi
Inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
Stream dried up Kutema inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
16
Tugomba kudahinga hafi y'amasoko y'amazi Iyo muteye kawa cyangwa imboga hafi y'ikiyaga, uruzi cyangwa umugezi, ubutaka buri hafi y'umugezi buzatwarwa n'isuri maze bwanduze amazi. Igihe mutera kawa umuti, uwo umuti uzinjira mu mazi kandi uzanayahumanya.
Kubika amazi y'imvura Imvura ni inkomoko ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo mushyize hamwe amazi y'imvura igwa ku bisenge by'amazu yanyu mushobora kubika amazi menshi mu rugo. Ibi bituma mudatakaza igihe mujya kuvoma kandi binatuma mushobora kubona amazi mu gihe cy'izuba.
Kubungabunga amazi
Ntabwo mugomba gutera imyaka hafi y'imigezi. Niba mwarahinze imyaka hafi y'imigezi ntimuzayitere umuti. Guhera umwaka utaha, ntimuzagire ikintu mwongera kuhahinga.
Mugomba kutajugunya imyanda mu masoko y'amazi Ntimukajye mujugunya imyanda iyo ari yo yose mu masoko y'amazi. Mugomba gukora ibyo mushoboye byose kugira ngo amasoko y'amazi yanyu ahore asukuye. Icyitonderwa: Kutanduza amazi no kwirinda kuyajugunyamo imyanda ni ikintu kigomba kwitabwaho cyane.
17
Umutwe wa 5
Kubungabunga ubutaka Ubutaka ni ishingiro ry'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko ubutaka bwo hejuru bukize ku bitunga ibimera no ku tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora. Ubutaka bwo hejuru kandi bufitiye akamaro kanini imyaka yanyu. Nyamara ariko iyo ubwo butaka butegejwe umuyaga ndetse n'amazi, ibitunga ibimera birigendera kandi butwarwa n'amazi ku buryo bworoshye. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka isuri.
Ibyatsi bitwikiriye ubutaka Igihe ubutaka bwambaye ubusa bukomeza gutwarwa n'isuri n'umuyaga. Amaterasi y'indinganire ashobora kandi kuriduka cyangwa agateza inkangu. Kubagara ukoresheje isuka no gucukura ubutaka bishobora nabyo gutuma ubutaka bwo hejuru butwarwa n'umuyaga bikaba byateza isuri.
Nimureke ibimera biri ku butaka bibugumeho mu rwego rwo kuburinda isuri. Aho gukoresha amasuka ni byiza gukoresha imihoro igihe cyo kubagara kugira ngo mudahungabanya ubutaka cyangwa ngo mukureho ibibutwikiriye byose.
18
Gutera ibyatsi Ahahanamye mujye muhatera ibyatsi kugira ngo bifate ubutaka. Niba murimo gukora amaterasi y'indinganire, gutera ibyatsi ku mpande z'amaterasi
Uretse no kurwanya isuri kandi, ibyatsi bishobora gusarurwa maze bigakoreshwa mu gusasira. Ibyatsi bimwe na bimwe bishobora no kugaburirwa amatungo.
Ibyatsi bidufasha kurinda isuru Elephant grass Napier grass Themeda triandra Tripsacum Calliandra
Calliandra
Temeda
(Icyitonderwa: Calliandra ntabwo ari icyatsi, ariko ushobora kujya ugikata kikaguma ari gito kuburyo kigufasha kurinda isuri. Amababi yaco ni meza nk'ibiryo by'amatungo.)
Gusasira Gusasira imyaka ni ingirakamaro mu kurwanya isuri. Ibyatsi byakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'isasira birabora maze bigahinduka ifumbire y'ubutaka. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera. Isaso ituma ubutaka buhehera. Dushobora gusasira ubutaka twifashishije amashami twakase, ibyatsi twasaruye, ibigorigori n'ibibabi. Isaso nziza ntigomba kurenza 5cm z'umubyimba
19
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka y'ibinyamisogwe nka Mimosa na Vetch na bwo ni ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya isuri. Ibi bimera ntibikura cyane kandi bikura birandaranda ku butaka maze bigatwikira ubutaka bwose. Iyo imyaka itwikira ubutaka yakwiriye ku butaka bwose, ibindi byatsi bibi ntibishobora gukura, bityo kubirwanya bikoroha.
Umurama wa “Mimoza”
Umurama wa “Vetch”
Ibyatsi bifata ubutaka byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyampeke bifite ubushobozi bwo kongera “azote” mu butaka.
“Vetch” iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Guca imiyoboro Mu rwego rwo kuyobora amazi y'imvura mu murima umuntu atagombye gukora ikidendezi kinini cy'amazi, dushobora guca imiyoboro ica mu mikingo.
20
Ni byiza gutera ubyatsi ku nkengera z'imiringoti kugira ngo tuzikingire.
Imiringoti ikingiwe n'ibyatsi
Umutwe wa 6
Gucunga imyanda Mu murima yanyu hari imyanda ikomoka ku bimera n'idakomoka ku bimera. Iyo iyo myanda icunzwe cyangwa itwitswe nabi ishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwanyu no guhumanya ibidukikije. Ku rundi ruhande iyo imyanda icunzwe neza ibera umurima wanyu umutungo w'ingirakamaro. Muri uyu mutwe, murareba uburyo bwo gucunga imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera n'imyanda idakomoka ku bimera. Gutwika imyand
a birabujijwe
Imicungire y'imyanda ya palasitiki Palasitiki ntizibora ngo zihinduke ubutaka, bityo rero ntimugomba kuzijungunya ku butaka.
unywe ku butaka
amasashe yajug
n'ababishinzwe ku rwego rwa Leta cyangwa n'umuyobozi wanyu.
Gukusanyiriza amasashe mu mufuka
Imicungire y'imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera Imyanda yo mu gikoni, amase y'inka, imyanda ikomoka ku bigori, insina no ku mboga ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora ifumbire y'imborera mu rugo. Iyo bikozwemo neza ifumbire maze bigashyirwa mu murima bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wa kawa zacu
Gucunga imyanda
Zigomba gushyirwa mu mufuka maze zikabikwa kugeza igihe zijyaniwe
21
Uko bakora ifumbire y'imborera Mbere na mbere nimukore ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kuba kiri mu nsi y'igicucu. Iyo gihura n'izuba n'imvura, ibitunga ibimera bishobora kujyanwa n'umwuka cyangwa gutembanwa n'imvura. Ku bw'iyo mpamvu mugomba kubaka igisenge cyoroheje hejuru y'ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kandi kuba hejuru y'ubutaka ku buryo umwuka uva mu nsi yabwo utemberamo. Mushobora gusakarisha ibyatsibyumye nk'ibigorigori, amashami yakonowe ku biti n'ibibabi byumye.
Incenga z'ibigori
Ikimoteri gisakaye
Amashami yakaswe kw'ikawa
Ibisigazwa by'imyaka bisigara mu murima uze gusarura
Gucunga imyanda
Mushobora gukoresha ibibabi nk'ibibabi by'imyaka yasaruwe, Titoniya n'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza. Ni ngombwa kubikatakatamo uduce duto cyane kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye. Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira mu ifumbire y'imborera Titoniya n'imigozi y'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza kubera ko bikize ku bitunga ibimera bya ngombwa byitwa zenke (zinc) na baroni (boron). Zinke na baroni bifasha ibiti byarabije kugumana ururabo no kudahunguka kw'imbuto (ibitumbwe) kabone n'iyo ibiti bifite ururabo cyangwa uruteja rwinshi. Bityo rero, ibi bitungabimera bifite akamaro kanini mu kuzamura umusaruro wanyu.
Titoniya
“Pumpkin” cyangwa ibijumba
Gukata ibikoresho mu duce dutoduto
22
Shyiramo umwanda n'ivu byo mu gikoni. Bikize cyane ku bitunga ibimera nka potasiyumu, kalisiyumu, sodiyumu na manyeziyumu
Ivu ryo mu gikoni Imyanda iva mu gikoni
Mushyireho amase y'inka, ubutaka bwo hejuru cyangwa ifumbire y'ibyatsi, n'ibindi bintu ufite. Ibi bintu bikize tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora.
Mugomba kugenda muhindura imborera ibiri hasi bijya hejuru n'ibyari hejuru bikajya hasi buri byumweru bibiri kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo ukubora birimo kuba, ubushyuhe bw'ibiri mu kimpoteri bugomba kuzamuka. Mushobora gushinga inkoni mu kimpoteri kugira ngo mubashe kumva ingano y'ubushyuhe.
Gucunga imyanda
Mugende mukora iyo mvange y'ibintu bivuzwe hejuru kugeza mugize ikirundo kinini mu kimpoteri.
Ifumbire y'imborera iba ibonetse mu gihe kiri hagati y'amezi abiri n'atatu. Iyo itunganye igomba kuba nta mpumuro ifite, ari umukara kandi yumye. Ifumbire nziza igirira akamaro ubutaka bwanyu kandi ituma ibiti bya kawa yanyu bitanga umusaruro mwiza kurushaho.
23
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje Titoniya Iyo mudafite ibikoresho bihagije cyangwa umwanya wo gukora ifumbire y'imborera, mushobora kwikorera ifumbire mvaruganda y'amazi mukoreheje gusa Titoniya.
Gukata titoniya mu duce dutoduto
Gudushira mu ndobo
Titoniya
Kuzuza ya ndobo n'amazi
Gucunga imyanda
Kuvanga buri misi ibiri
Nyuma y'byumweru bibiri, umuti uzaba ushobora gukoreshwa
Muyungurure ibyatsi mwifashishije umufuka
24
Ifumbire itunganyije
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje amase y'inka
Mushyire amabasi atanu y'amase y'inka mu mufuka Amase y'inka Kumanika umufuka mu ingunguru (cyangwe indobo) ukoresheje igiti hanyuma ukuzuza amazi ya ngunguru
Gufundikira ya ngunguru
Mu kuyitera, ushobora kuvanga ifumbire yakozwe muri titoniya n'iyakowe mu mase y'inka mugihe zombi uzifite Mucuguse wa mufuka buri minsi ibiri
Iyo fumbire y'amazi izaba yahiye mu
Gucunga imyanda
byumweru bibiri Mukure wa mufuka mu ngunguru
Ifumbire
Mufumbize igikombe kimwe iruhande rw'igiti mugisuka hafi y'aho igiti gitereye mu butaka
25
Umutwe wa 7
Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi Iyo muhaye akazi abakozi mu gihe cy'isarura cyangwa akandi kazi, mugomba kubafata neza. Imirima yacu igomba kubera abayikoramo ahantu hashimishije.
Guha abakozi amazi meza yo kunywa Abakozi bakora mu mirima yanyu bagomba kubona amazi meza yo kunywa igihe cyose baje gukora mu mirima yanyu. Mugomba kubategurira amazi meza yo kunywa maze akazanwa mu murima.
Abana biga
Abana bagomba kujya ku ishuri mu gihe cy'amasomo yo mu cyumweru. Hatitawe ku bwinshi bw'akazi mwagira mu gihe cy'isarura, ntimugomba guhagarika abana kwiga ngo baze kubafasha mu murima. Nyamara abana bashobora kudufasha akazi koroshye mu mpera z'icyumweru cyangwa mu biruhuko.
Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Abana ntibashobora guhabwa akazi mu murima. Abana bashobora gusa kudufasha nyuma yo kuva ku ishuri kandi ntibagomba gukora mu murima amasaha menshi yashobora kugira ingaruka ku myigire yabo. Abana ntibagomba gukoreshwa mu murima imirimo ikomeye ishobora kubatera ibibazo cyangwa kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwabo.
26
Icyitonderwa: Kudaha akazi abana bari mu nsi y'imyaka 15 n'ihame ridakuka.
Umutwe wa 8
Imitunganyirize y’isambu Iteganyamigambi Ibintu byose mwabonye muri iyi Mfashanyigisho bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mirima yanyu. Kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, mbere na mbere mugomba gukora igenamigambi ryabyo. Muri gahunda y'ibikorwa, mugomba kwandika ibikorwa, igihe bigomba gukorerwa n'umuntu ushinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo. Ni ibiki byingenzi bikubiye muri gahunda y'ibijkorwa • Igikorwa • Ingengabihe • Umuntu ubishinzwe
Igihe mutegura ibikorwa byanyu, ikarita yoroheje y'umurima wanyu ni igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro cyane. Mushobora kwerekana ku ikarita aho mugomba gukorera ibikorwa byo kurwanya isuri, aho mugomba gutera ibiti cyangwa ibyatsi, ahari amasoko y'amazi mugomba kubungabunga n'aho mugomba kubaka uruzitiro rukomeye. Nyuma yo gukora igikorwa, mugomba kubika inyandiko. Iyo mubika inyandiko, mushobora gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y'ibikorwa mukanahamya ko ibikorwa byateganijwe byakozwe. Nibura ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba kwandikwa.
Gushyingura inyandiko
Gutera imiti (mugihe hari iyo utera) Gutera Ifumbire y'imborera / mvaruganda Gutera ibiti / ibyatsi Gusarura Amahugurwa y'abakozi (mu gihe ufite abakozi bakeneye guhugurwa) Gutanga akazi nyakabyizi (niba bikorwa)
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo y'amahugurwa • • • • •
Itariki Isomo ryatanzwe Uwahuguye Amazina y'abahuguwe Umukono cyangwe igikumwe cy'abahuguwe
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo yo gukoresha abakozi • • • • •
Itariki Izina Umurimo wakozwe Amasaha y'akazi Umushahara
Imitunganyirize y’isambu
Ibyangombwa byo kwandika muri raporo yo gutera imiti • Umurima • Itariki • Izina ry'igihingwa • Uko umusaruro ungana • Igipimo cyo gutera imiti wakoresheje • Izina ry'uruganda • Ibikoresho wifashishije utera imiti
27
